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Hausberger, M.; Le Scolan, N.; Muller, C.; Gautier, E.; Wolff, A. |
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Title |
Individual behavioural characteristics in horses: predictability, endogenous and environmental factors |
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1996 |
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Journée d`Etude |
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Journée d`Etude |
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22 |
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113- 123 |
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Insitute du Cheval |
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Paris |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5023 |
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Author |
Hama, H.; Yogo, M.; Matsuyama, Y. |
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Title |
Effects of stroking horses on both humans' and horses' heart rate responses |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Japanese Psychological Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Jpn. Psychol. Res. |
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38 |
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2 |
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66-73 |
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The present study examined both human and horse heart rates (HRs) when humans stroked horses for 90 seconds; the subjective arousal levels of the humans were measured by the Tohoku Activation Deactivation Adjective Check List before and after stroking horses. Six male subjects with a positive attitude toward companion animals and 6 male subjects with a negative attitude were selected by their scores on the Pet Attitude Scale, and these two groups, together with a third group, of 6 subjects who were male members of the Doshisha University horse-riding club, participated in this experiment. The HRs of the human subjects during the first 10 seconds immediately after the stroking began were significantly higher than those obtained after that period, but these higher levels gradually returned to baseline levels. This tendency appears more clearly in the negative attitude group. The HRs of the horses increased during the first 20 seconds immediately after the human subjects of the NA group started stroking them, but gradually reduced as the stroking continued. The results of subjective arousal levels suggest a decrease in tension by stroking horses. These results suggest that a certain affectional interaction may exist between humans and companion animals. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5056 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.M.; Aureli, F. |
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Title |
Consolation, reconciliation, and a possible cognitive difference between macaque and chimpanzee |
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Year |
1996 |
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Reaching into Thought: The Minds of the Great Apes |
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80–110. |
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Russon,A.E.; Bard, K.A.; Parker, S.T. |
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Cambridge University Press |
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Cambridge |
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Russon,A.E.; Bard, K.A.; Parker, S.T. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5060 |
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Mertens, P.A.; Unshelm, J. |
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Title |
Effects of Group and Individual Housing on the Behavior of Kennelled Dogs in Animal Shelters |
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1996 |
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Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals |
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9 |
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40-51 |
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To emphasize the effects of group- and single housing of kennelled dogs, the behavior of 211 dogs in two German animal shelters was tested and observed. After being placed, 197 of the dogs' new owners were interviewed.
Although 51% of the German animal shelters already keep dogs in groups, there is strong prejudice against group housing because of the fear of fights. This study demonstrates that this apprehension is unfounded. Ninety-one percent of the social confrontations between dogs housed together were settled by the use of behavioral rituals. Keeping dogs in groups, furthermore, leads to a significant reduction in noise emission (p<.001). Group housing fulfills the dog's need for social interaction and the need to move. Dogs that were housed in groups displayed a closer human-animal relationship (80%) than those that had been kept individually (43%). A high percentage of individually housed dogs suffered from behavioral problems (31%) and 10% developed stereotypes. The percentage of behaviorally disturbed dogs observed in group housing was 11%, and stereotyped forms of behavior did not occur. Dogs who had been kept in groups were, on average, placed within 10 days, and were returned to the animal shelter less often (9%) compared to those housed individually (25%). Dogs that were housed separately needed an average of 17 days to be placed. Even after being placed, there is a correlation between the animal shelter's type of housing and the dog's behavior. Within four weeks after picking up their pet, 88% of the owners of dogs that had been housed individually complained of problems compared to the owners of the dogs that had been kept in groups, 53% of whom were completely satisfied with the adoption.
Despite the fact that these results might be influenced by the small number of shelters examined, the study leads to the conclusion that keeping dogs in groups is a suitable alternative for dog housing in animal shelters and, for the animals' welfare, is preferable to individual housing. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5165 |
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Author |
Hashimoto, C.; Takenaka, O.; Furuichi, T. |
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Title |
Matrilineal kin relationship and social behavior of wild bonobos (Pan paniscus): Sequencing the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
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37 |
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3 |
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305-318-318 |
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Biomedical and Life Sciences |
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Matrilineal kin-relations among wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) were studied by DNA analysis. Subject individuals were the members of E1 group, living at Wamba, Zaire, which has been studied since 1974. DNA samples were extracted from wadges that bonobos spat out when feeding on sugar cane. The D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA was amplified by the PCR method, and a nucleotide sequence of 350 base pairs was determined for 17 individuals. Nucleotide variations were found at 44 positions of the sequence. Based on these variations, 13 matrilineal units were divided into seven groups, and the mother of an orphan male was determined among several females. These genetic analyses, together with behavioral observation to date, revealed the following facts. High sequence variation in the target region indicated that females transfer between groups of bonobos, which is in agreement with supposition from long-term field studies. For females, there was no relationship between genetic closeness and social closeness that is represented by frequencies of proximity or grooming. After immigration into a new group, females form social associations with senior females without regard to kin relationship. |
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Springer Japan |
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0032-8332 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5199 |
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Author |
Prud`homme, J.; Chapais, B. |
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Development of intervention behavior in Japanese macaques: Testing the targeting hypothesis |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
International Journal of Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Int. J. Primatol. |
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17 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
429-443 |
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Biomedical and Life Sciences |
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Matrilineal dominance systems, which characterize several species of cercopithecines, are determined largely by the patterning of third-party aggressive interventions in conflicts. Although the role of interventions in structuring rank relations has received much attention, very few studies have dealt specifically with the development of intervention behavior. In other words,most studies have focused on the interventions received and their effect on the recipients rather than on the interventions performed and the goals of the interveners. We analyzed the intervention behavior of 10 juvenile females in a colony of 40 Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)housed at the University of Montreal Laboratory of Behavioral Primatology. The analysis of 749 interventions performed by the juveniles over their first 4 years and 2425 interventions received over the same period reveals that (1) juvenile females intervened selectively against females ranking below their mother, (2) they began to intervene at about the same time that they began to challenge the latter females in dyadic contests, (3) they sided with females as well as with males against these females, (4) juvenile interveners incurred little risks in terms of aggressive retaliation from their targets, (5) they derived immediate benefits in terms of conflicts won over stronger targets, (6) interventions often did not take place when the possible recipients needed support, and (7) interveners did not conform to a pattern of mutually preferential support. These results support the view that interventions by juveniles are selfish (vs altruistic) and constitute a low-cost and effective means to target and to outrank prospectively subordinate females. |
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Springer Netherlands |
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0164-0291 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5245 |
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Author |
Gueron, S.; Levin, S.A.; Rubenstein, D.I. |
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Title |
The Dynamics of Herds: From Individuals to Aggregations |
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Year |
1996 |
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Journal of Theoretical Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Theor. Biol. |
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182 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
85-98 |
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The dynamic behavior of small herds is investigated by means of simulations of two-dimensional discrete-stochastic models. An individual-based approach is used to relate collective behavior to individual decisions. In our model, the motion of an individual in a herd is assumed to be the combined result of both density-independent and density-dependent decisions, in the latter case based on the influence of surrounding neighbors; assumed decision rules are hierarchical, balancing short range repulsion against long-range attraction. The probability of fragmentation of the model herd depends on parameter values. We explore the variety and characteristics of spatial patterns that develop during migration, for herds that are homogeneous and heterogeneous regarding intrinsic walking speeds. Group integrity can be maintained even in mixed populations, but fragmentation results for these more easily than for a homogeneous herd. Observations of natural populations suggest that animals move away from individuals that intrude too closely into their environment, but are attracted to individuals at a distance. Between these extremes, there appears to be a neutral zone, within which other individuals engender no response. We explore the importance of this neutral zone, and offer evolutionary interpretations. In particular, the neutral zone, if not too large, permits the individual to remain in contact with the herd, while reducing the frequency with which acceleration or deceleration must be undertaken. This offers obvious energetic benefits. |
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0022-5193 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5253 |
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Author |
Frank S. A. |
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Title |
Policing and group cohesion when resources vary. |
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Journal Article |
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1996 |
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Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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52 |
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1163-1169 |
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The transition from competing individuals to cooperative groups has occurred several times inevolutionary history. The puzzle is why selfish individuals did not subvert cohesive group behaviour bytaking resources without contributing to the group’s overall success. Kin selection and reciprocal altruism are the two standard explanations for group cohesion. But many groups have evolved into
cooperative units when relatedness was low and opportunities were limited for the strategic alliances required for reciprocity. A new theory was recently proposed in which individuals invest some of their resources into repressing competition between group members. Such policing increases the fair distribution of resources in the group and enhances group cohesion. The surprising aspect of this theory
is that low relatedness is more conducive to the spread of policing traits than is high relatedness. Here a new explanation is developed of the biological processes that favour policing. The model is then extended in two ways. First, more realism is added to the theory by accounting for the full range of costs and benefits associated with competitive and cooperative traits within groups. Second, another
surprising result is introduced about cooperative evolution. Small variations in individual vigour or resources can lead to large variations in individual contributions to policing the group. Stronger individuals often invest all of their excess resources into policing, but weaker individuals do not contribute to group cohesion. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5429 |
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Salmivalli, C.; Lagerspetz, K.; Björkqvist, K.; Österman, K.; Kaukiainen, A. |
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Title |
Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group |
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1996 |
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Aggressive Behavior |
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Aggr. Behav. |
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22 |
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1 |
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1-15 |
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aggressive behavior; peer relations; roles; social acceptance; social groups; victimization |
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Bullying was investigated as a group process, a social phenomenon taking place in a school setting among 573 Finnish sixth-grade children (286 girls, 287 boys) aged 12–13 years. Different Participant Roles taken by individual children in the bullying process were examined and related to a) self-estimated behavior in bullying situations, b) social acceptance and social rejection, and c) belongingness to one of the five sociometric status groups (popular, rejected, neglected, controversial, and average). The Participant Roles assigned to the subject were Victim, Bully, Reinforcer of the bully, Assistant of the bully, Defender of the victim, and Outsider. There were significant sex differences in the distribution of Participant Roles. Boys were more frequently in the roles of Bully, Reinforcer and Assistant, while the most frequent roles of the girls were those of Defender and Outsider. The subjects were moderately well aware of their Participant Roles, although they underestimated their participation in active bullying behavior and emphasized that they acted as Defenders and Outsiders. The sociometric status of the children was found to be connected to their Participant Roles. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
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Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company |
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1098-2337 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5435 |
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Author |
Nishida, T.; Hosaka K. |
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Coalition strategies among adult male chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. |
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1996 |
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Great Ape Societies. |
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114-135 |
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Cambridge University Press |
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Cambridge |
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McGrew, W. C.; Marchant, L. F.; Nishida, T. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5470 |
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