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| Author | Hampton, R.R.; Shettleworth, S.J. | ||||
| Title | Hippocampal lesions impair memory for location but not color in passerine birds | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Behavioral neuroscience | Abbreviated Journal | Behav Neurosci |
| Volume | 110 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 831-835 |
| Keywords | Animals; Appetitive Behavior/physiology; Birds/*physiology; Brain Mapping; Color Perception/*physiology; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Hippocampus/*physiology; Long-Term Potentiation/physiology; Mental Recall/*physiology; Orientation/*physiology; Species Specificity | ||||
Abstract  |
The effects of hippocampal complex lesions on memory for location and color were assessed in black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus) and dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) in operant tests of matching to sample. Before surgery, most birds were more accurate on tests of memory for location than on tests of memory for color. Damage to the hippocampal complex caused a decline in memory for location, whereas memory for color was not affected in the same birds. This dissociation indicates that the avian hippocampus plays an important role in spatial cognition and suggests that this brain structure may play no role in working memory generally. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0735-7044 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8864273 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 376 | ||
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| Author | Waran, N.K.; Robertson, V.; Cuddeford, D.; Kokoszko, A.; Marlin, D.J. | ||||
| Title | Effects of transporting horses facing either forwards or backwards on their behaviour and heart rate | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | The Veterinary Record | Abbreviated Journal | Vet. Rec. |
| Volume | 139 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 7-11 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Female; *Heart Rate; *Horses; Male; Posture/*physiology; *Transportation | ||||
| Abstract |
The effects of transporting horses facing either forwards or backwards were compared by transporting six thoroughbred horses in pairs in a lorry on one journey facing in the direction of travel, and on another journey facing away from the direction of travel, over a standard one-hour route. Heart rate monitors were used to record their heart rate before, during and after the journey and the horses' behaviour was recorded by scan sampling each horse every other minute. The average heart rate was significantly lower (P < 0.05) when the horses were transported facing backwards, and they also tended to rest on their rumps more (P = 0.059). In the forward-facing position, the horses moved more frequently (P < 0.05) and tended to hold their necks in a higher than normal position and to vocalise more frequently (P = 0.059). During loading the average peak heart rate was 38 bpm lower (P < 0.05) when the horses were backed into the horse box for rear-facing transport than when they were loaded facing forwards. However, there was no difference between transport facing forwards or backwards in terms of the peak unloading heart rate, or the average heart rate during loading or unloading. The horses seemed to find being transported less physically stressful when they were facing backwards than when they were facing forwards. | ||||
| Address | Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, School of Agriculture | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0042-4900 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8966985 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 1938 | ||
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| Author | Barton, R.A. | ||||
| Title | Neocortex size and behavioural ecology in primates | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Proceedings of the Royal Society B | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B |
| Volume | 263 | Issue | 1367 | Pages | 173-177 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Brain/*anatomy & histology; Cerebral Cortex/*anatomy & histology/*physiology; *Ecology; Evolution; Primates/anatomy & histology/*physiology/psychology; Regression Analysis; Species Specificity | ||||
| Abstract |
The neocortex is widely held to have been the focus of mammalian brain evolution, but what selection pressures explain the observed diversity in its size and structure? Among primates, comparative studies suggest that neocortical evolution is related to the cognitive demands of sociality, and here I confirm that neocortex size and social group size are positively correlated once phylogenetic associations and overall brain size are taken into account. This association holds within haplorhine but not strepsirhine primates. In addition, the neocortex is larger in diurnal than in nocturnal primates, and among diurnal haplorhines its size is positively correlated with the degree of frugivory. These ecological correlates reflect the diverse sensory-cognitive functions of the neocortex. | ||||
| Address | Department of Anthropology, University of Durham | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0962-8452 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8728982 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4783 | ||
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| Author | Hama, H.; Yogo, M.; Matsuyama, Y. | ||||
| Title | Effects of stroking horses on both humans' and horses' heart rate responses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Japanese Psychological Research | Abbreviated Journal | Jpn. Psychol. Res. |
| Volume | 38 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 66-73 |
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| Abstract |
The present study examined both human and horse heart rates (HRs) when humans stroked horses for 90 seconds; the subjective arousal levels of the humans were measured by the Tohoku Activation Deactivation Adjective Check List before and after stroking horses. Six male subjects with a positive attitude toward companion animals and 6 male subjects with a negative attitude were selected by their scores on the Pet Attitude Scale, and these two groups, together with a third group, of 6 subjects who were male members of the Doshisha University horse-riding club, participated in this experiment. The HRs of the human subjects during the first 10 seconds immediately after the stroking began were significantly higher than those obtained after that period, but these higher levels gradually returned to baseline levels. This tendency appears more clearly in the negative attitude group. The HRs of the horses increased during the first 20 seconds immediately after the human subjects of the NA group started stroking them, but gradually reduced as the stroking continued. The results of subjective arousal levels suggest a decrease in tension by stroking horses. These results suggest that a certain affectional interaction may exist between humans and companion animals. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5056 | ||
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| Author | Ballew, R.M.; Sabelko, J.; Gruebele, M. | ||||
| Title | Direct observation of fast protein folding: the initial collapse of apomyoglobin | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume | 93 | Issue | 12 | Pages | 5759-5764 |
| Keywords | Animals; Apoproteins/*chemistry; Circular Dichroism; Horses; Kinetics; Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry; Myoglobin/*chemistry; *Protein Folding; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Temperature | ||||
| Abstract |
The rapid refolding dynamics of apomyoglobin are followed by a new temperature-jump fluorescence technique on a 15-ns to 0.5-ms time scale in vitro. The apparatus measures the protein-folding history in a single sweep in standard aqueous buffers. The earliest steps during folding to a compact state are observed and are complete in under 20 micros. Experiments on mutants and consideration of steady-state CD and fluorescence spectra indicate that the observed microsecond phase monitors assembly of an A x (H x G) helix subunit. Measurements at different viscosities indicate diffusive behavior even at low viscosities, in agreement with motions of a solvent-exposed protein during the initial collapse. | ||||
| Address | School of Chemical Sciences and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0027-8424 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8650166 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3798 | ||
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| Author | de Waal, F.B.; Uno, H.; Luttrell, L.M.; Meisner, L.F.; Jeannotte, L.A. | ||||
| Title | Behavioral retardation in a macaque with autosomal trisomy and aging mother | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | American journal of mental retardation : AJMR | Abbreviated Journal | Am J Ment Retard |
| Volume | 100 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 378-390 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Brain/physiopathology; Female; Hydrocephalus/complications; Longitudinal Studies; Macaca mulatta/*genetics; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; *Maternal Age; Psychomotor Disorders/*etiology; Social Behavior; Trisomy/*genetics; X Chromosome | ||||
| Abstract |
The social development of a female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) was followed from the day of birth until her death, at age 32 months. The subject, born to an older mother, had an extra autosome (karyotype: 43, XX, +18), an affliction that came about spontaneously. MRI scans revealed that she was also hydrocephalic. Compared to 23 female monkeys growing up under identical conditions, the subject showed serious motor deficiencies, a dramatic delay in the development of social behavior, poorly established dominance relationships, and greater than usual dependency on mother and kin. The subject was well-integrated into the social group, however. | ||||
| Address | University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0895-8017 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8718992 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 205 | ||
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| Author | Akins, C.K.; Zentall, T.R. | ||||
| Title | Imitative learning in male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) using the two-action method | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) | Abbreviated Journal | J Comp Psychol |
| Volume | 110 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 316-320 |
| Keywords | Animals; Appetitive Behavior; *Attention; *Coturnix; *Imitative Behavior; Male; *Motivation; Transfer (Psychology) | ||||
| Abstract |
The study of imitative learning in animals has suffered from the presence of a number of confounding motivational and attentional factors (e.g., social facilitation and stimulus enhancement). The two-action method avoids these problems by exposing observers to demonstrators performing a response (e.g., operating a treadle) using 1 of 2 distinctive topographies (e.g., by pecking or by stepping). Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) observers exposed to conspecific demonstrators showed a high correlation between the topography of the response they observed and the response they performed. These data provide strong evidence for the existence of true imitative learning in an active, precocious bird under conditions that control for alternative accounts. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0044, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0735-7036 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8858851 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 254 | ||
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| Author | Frank S. A. | ||||
| Title | Policing and group cohesion when resources vary. | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Animal Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 52 | Issue | Pages | 1163-1169 | |
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| Abstract |
The transition from competing individuals to cooperative groups has occurred several times inevolutionary history. The puzzle is why selfish individuals did not subvert cohesive group behaviour bytaking resources without contributing to the group’s overall success. Kin selection and reciprocal altruism are the two standard explanations for group cohesion. But many groups have evolved into cooperative units when relatedness was low and opportunities were limited for the strategic alliances required for reciprocity. A new theory was recently proposed in which individuals invest some of their resources into repressing competition between group members. Such policing increases the fair distribution of resources in the group and enhances group cohesion. The surprising aspect of this theory is that low relatedness is more conducive to the spread of policing traits than is high relatedness. Here a new explanation is developed of the biological processes that favour policing. The model is then extended in two ways. First, more realism is added to the theory by accounting for the full range of costs and benefits associated with competitive and cooperative traits within groups. Second, another surprising result is introduced about cooperative evolution. Small variations in individual vigour or resources can lead to large variations in individual contributions to policing the group. Stronger individuals often invest all of their excess resources into policing, but weaker individuals do not contribute to group cohesion. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5429 | ||
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| Author | Macphail, E.M. | ||||
| Title | Cognitive function in mammals: the evolutionary perspective | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Brain research. Cognitive brain research | Abbreviated Journal | Brain Res Cogn Brain Res |
| Volume | 3 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 279-290 |
| Keywords | Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Conditioning (Psychology)/*physiology; Evolution; Humans; Learning/*physiology; Task Performance and Analysis | ||||
| Abstract |
The work of behavioural pharmacologists has concentrated on small animals, such as rodents and pigeons. The validity of extrapolation of their findings to humans depends upon the existence of parallels in both physiology and psychology between these animals and humans. This paper considers the question whether there are in fact substantial cognitive parallels between, first, different non-human groups of vertebrates and, second, non-humans and humans. Behavioural data from 'simple' tasks, such as habituation and conditioning, do not point to species differences among vertebrates. Using examples that concentrate on the performance of rodents and birds, it is argued that, similarly, data from more complex tasks (learning-set formation, transitive inference, and spatial memory serve as examples) reveal few if any cognitive differences amongst non-human vertebrates. This conclusion supports the notion that association formation may be the critical problem-solving process available to non-human animals; associative mechanisms are assumed to have evolved to detect causal links between events, and would therefore be relevant in all ecological niches. In agreement with this view, recent advances in comparative neurology show striking parallels in functional organisation of mammalian and avian telencephalon. Finally, it is argued that although the peculiarly human capacity for language marks a large cognitive contrast between humans and non-humans, there is good evidence-in particular, from work on implicit learning--that the learning mechanisms available to non--humans are present and do play an important role in human cognition. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of York at Heslington, UK | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0926-6410 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8806029 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 603 | ||
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| Author | Fulhorst, C.F.; Hardy, J.L.; Eldridge, B.F.; Chiles, R.E.; Reeves, W.C. | ||||
| Title | Ecology of Jamestown Canyon virus (Bunyaviridae: California serogroup) in coastal California | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Abbreviated Journal | Am J Trop Med Hyg |
| Volume | 55 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 185-189 |
| Keywords | Aedes/virology; Animals; Antibodies, Viral/blood; California/epidemiology; Cattle; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology; Deer; Dog Diseases/epidemiology; Dogs; Encephalitis Virus, California/immunology/*isolation & purification; Encephalitis, California/epidemiology/*veterinary; Female; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses; Insect Vectors/virology; Lagomorpha; Male; Neutralization Tests/veterinary; Peromyscus; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology; Sigmodontinae | ||||
| Abstract |
This paper reports the first isolation of Jamestown Canyon (JC) virus from coastal California and the results of tests for antibody to JC virus in mammals living in coastal California. The virus isolation was made from a pool of 50 Aedes dorsalis females collected as adults from Morro Bay, San Luis Obispo County, California. The virus isolate was identified by two-way plaque reduction-serum dilution neutralization tests done in Vero cell cultures. Sera from the mammals were tested for antibody to JC virus by a plaque-reduction serum dilution neutralization method. A high prevalence of JC virus-specific antibody was found in horses and cattle sampled from Morro Bay. This finding is additional evidence for the presence of a virus antigenically identical or closely related to JC virus in Morro Bay and indicates that the vectors of the virus in Morro Bay feed on large mammals. A high prevalence of virus-specific antibody was also found in horses sampled from Marin and San Diego counties. This finding suggests that viruses antigenically identical or closely related to JC virus are geographically widespread in coastal California. | ||||
| Address | School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0002-9637 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:8780458 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2656 | ||
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