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| Author | Cilnis, M.J.; Kang, W.; Weaver, S.C. | ||||
| Title | Genetic conservation of Highlands J viruses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Virology | Abbreviated Journal  |
Virology |
| Volume | 218 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 343-351 |
| Keywords | Alphavirus/*genetics; Alphavirus Infections/transmission/veterinary/virology; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; Conserved Sequence; Disease Outbreaks; Encephalitis, Viral/veterinary/virology; *Evolution, Molecular; Horses; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral/genetics; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; Turkeys; Variation (Genetics)/*genetics | ||||
| Abstract | We studied molecular evolution of the mosquito-borne alphavirus Highlands J (HJ) virus by sequencing PCR products generated from 19 strains isolated between 1952 and 1994. Sequences of 1200 nucleotides including portions of the E1 gene and the 3' untranslated region revealed a relatively slow evolutionary rate estimated at 0.9-1.6 x 10(-4) substitutions per nucleotide per year. Phylogenetic trees indicated that all HJ viruses descended from a common ancestor and suggested the presence of one dominant lineage in North America. However, two or more minor lineages probably circulated simultaneously for periods of years to a few decades. Strains isolated from a horse suffering encephalitis, and implicated in a recent turkey outbreak, were not phylogenetically distinct from strains isolated in other locations during the same time periods. Our findings are remarkably similar to those we obtained previously for another North American alphavirus, eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus, with which Highlands J shares primary mosquito and avian hosts, geographical distribution, and ecology. These results support the hypotheses that the duration of the transmission season affects arboviral evolutionary rates and vertebrate host mobility influences genetic diversity. | ||||
| Address | Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0116, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0042-6822 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8610461 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2657 | ||
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| Author | Waran, N.K.; Robertson, V.; Cuddeford, D.; Kokoszko, A.; Marlin, D.J. | ||||
| Title | Effects of transporting horses facing either forwards or backwards on their behaviour and heart rate | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | The Veterinary Record | Abbreviated Journal |
Vet. Rec. |
| Volume | 139 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 7-11 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Female; *Heart Rate; *Horses; Male; Posture/*physiology; *Transportation | ||||
| Abstract | The effects of transporting horses facing either forwards or backwards were compared by transporting six thoroughbred horses in pairs in a lorry on one journey facing in the direction of travel, and on another journey facing away from the direction of travel, over a standard one-hour route. Heart rate monitors were used to record their heart rate before, during and after the journey and the horses' behaviour was recorded by scan sampling each horse every other minute. The average heart rate was significantly lower (P < 0.05) when the horses were transported facing backwards, and they also tended to rest on their rumps more (P = 0.059). In the forward-facing position, the horses moved more frequently (P < 0.05) and tended to hold their necks in a higher than normal position and to vocalise more frequently (P = 0.059). During loading the average peak heart rate was 38 bpm lower (P < 0.05) when the horses were backed into the horse box for rear-facing transport than when they were loaded facing forwards. However, there was no difference between transport facing forwards or backwards in terms of the peak unloading heart rate, or the average heart rate during loading or unloading. The horses seemed to find being transported less physically stressful when they were facing backwards than when they were facing forwards. | ||||
| Address | Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, School of Agriculture | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0042-4900 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:8966985 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 1938 | ||
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| Author | Sommer, H.; Barz, A.; Lindner, A. | ||||
| Title | Testing horses for character and temperament | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Tierarztliche Umschau | Abbreviated Journal |
Tierärztl. Umschau |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3567 | ||
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| Author | Packer, C; Heinsohn, R. | ||||
| Title | Response:Lioness leadership | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume | 271 | Issue | 5253 | Pages | 1215-1216 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior; Animal; Cooperative Behavior; Female; Lions/*psychology; Territoriality | ||||
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| ISSN | 0036-8075 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ Jahn1996 | Serial | 2072 | ||
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| Author | Gary C. Jahn; Craig Packer,Robert Heinsohn | ||||
| Title | Lioness leadership | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume | 271 | Issue | 5253 | Pages | 1216-1219 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior; Animal; Cooperative Behavior; Female; Lions/*psychology; Territoriality | ||||
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| ISSN | 0036-8075 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ Jahn1996 | Serial | 2073 | ||
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| Author | Barnes, J.I.; Jager, J.L.V. de | ||||
| Title | Economic and financial incentives for wildlife use on private land in Namibia and the implications for policy. | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | South African Journal of Wildlife Research | Abbreviated Journal |
S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res |
| Volume | 26 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 37-46 |
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| Abstract | Abstract Aggregate estimates for wildlife populations and species diversity on private land in Namibia were made for 1972 and 1992, using questionnaire surveys. Numbers of species and biomass appear to have increased by some 80 percent, or three percent per annum over the period. The number of game species recorded increased by 44 percent. Cost – benefit analysis models were developed and used to analyse economic and financial efficiency of land use involving wildlife on private land. Financial profitability was generally low with both livestock – game production for consumptive use and wildlife production for non-consumptive use. However these activities appear to be economically efficient, and result in a positive contribution to National Income. The results suggest that there are financial incentives for private landholders to group together and form large scale conservancies. The latter benefit from economies of scale which make them more financially profitable and robust, and also more economically efficient, than ranches. Wildlife production for non-consumptive wildlife viewing was found to yield greater economic net value added per unit of land than livestock – wildlife production for consumptive use. This was particularly the case at the larger conservancy scale of operation. Aggregate estimates, in 1994 prices, of the annual net value added to National Income from wildlife use on private land are N$ 30.6 million in 1972 and N$ 56 million in 1992. The economic value of wildlife use as a proportion of the economic value of all private land rangeland uses appears to have risen from five percent to eleven percent over the twenty year period. Current policy to promote the development of wildlife conservancies appears to be economically sound, particularly where these are aimed at eventual conversion to wildlife-based tourism uses. _________________________ |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2220 | ||
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| Author | Barton, R.A. | ||||
| Title | Neocortex size and behavioural ecology in primates | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Proceedings of the Royal Society B | Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B |
| Volume | 263 | Issue | 1367 | Pages | 173-177 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Brain/*anatomy & histology; Cerebral Cortex/*anatomy & histology/*physiology; *Ecology; Evolution; Primates/anatomy & histology/*physiology/psychology; Regression Analysis; Species Specificity | ||||
| Abstract | The neocortex is widely held to have been the focus of mammalian brain evolution, but what selection pressures explain the observed diversity in its size and structure? Among primates, comparative studies suggest that neocortical evolution is related to the cognitive demands of sociality, and here I confirm that neocortex size and social group size are positively correlated once phylogenetic associations and overall brain size are taken into account. This association holds within haplorhine but not strepsirhine primates. In addition, the neocortex is larger in diurnal than in nocturnal primates, and among diurnal haplorhines its size is positively correlated with the degree of frugivory. These ecological correlates reflect the diverse sensory-cognitive functions of the neocortex. | ||||
| Address | Department of Anthropology, University of Durham | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0962-8452 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8728982 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4783 | ||
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| Author | Ballew, R.M.; Sabelko, J.; Gruebele, M. | ||||
| Title | Direct observation of fast protein folding: the initial collapse of apomyoglobin | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume | 93 | Issue | 12 | Pages | 5759-5764 |
| Keywords | Animals; Apoproteins/*chemistry; Circular Dichroism; Horses; Kinetics; Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry; Myoglobin/*chemistry; *Protein Folding; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Temperature | ||||
| Abstract | The rapid refolding dynamics of apomyoglobin are followed by a new temperature-jump fluorescence technique on a 15-ns to 0.5-ms time scale in vitro. The apparatus measures the protein-folding history in a single sweep in standard aqueous buffers. The earliest steps during folding to a compact state are observed and are complete in under 20 micros. Experiments on mutants and consideration of steady-state CD and fluorescence spectra indicate that the observed microsecond phase monitors assembly of an A x (H x G) helix subunit. Measurements at different viscosities indicate diffusive behavior even at low viscosities, in agreement with motions of a solvent-exposed protein during the initial collapse. | ||||
| Address | School of Chemical Sciences and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0027-8424 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:8650166 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3798 | ||
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| Author | Boyd, R.; Richerson, P.J. | ||||
| Title | Why Culture is Common, but Cultural Evolution is Rare | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Proceedings of the British Academy | Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Br Acad |
| Volume | 88 | Issue | Pages | 73-93 | |
| Keywords | cultural distributed evolution primates | ||||
| Abstract | If culture is defined as variation acquired and maintained by social learning, then culture is common in nature. However, cumulative cultural evolution resulting in behaviors that no individual could invent on their own is limited to humans, song birds, and perhaps chimpanzees. Circumstantial evidence suggests that cumulative cultural evolution requires the capacity for observational learning. Here, we analyze two models the evolution of psychological capacities that allow cumulative cultural evolution. Both models suggest that the conditions which allow the evolution of such capacities when rare are much more stringent than the conditions which allow the maintenance of the capacities when common. This result follows from the fact that the assumed benefit of the capacities, cumulative cultural adaptation, cannot occur when the capacities are rare. These results suggest why such capacities may be rare in nature. | ||||
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| Publisher | Royal Society/British Academy | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Notes | http://www.proc.britac.ac.uk/cgi-bin/somsid.cgi?page=summaries/pba88#boyd | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4195 | ||
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| Author | Phillips, K. | ||||
| Title | Natural conceptual behavior in squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus): An experimental investigation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Primates | Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
| Volume | 37 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 327-332 |
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| Abstract | Abstract Natural conceptual discriminations have been tested in many different species, including pigeons and a variety of non-human primates. The ability of four male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) to learn and use the natural concept “squirrel monkey” was investigated in this study. After a training phase, subjects were presented with novel stimuli in transfer and test trials. All subjects performed at a rate significantly above chance on the first test trial (p<.001), indicating that squirrel monkeys can utilize natural concepts in the laboratory. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3114 | ||
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