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Author |
Hauser, M.D.; Kralik, J.; Botto-Mahan, C.; Garrett, M.; Oser, J. |
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Title |
Self-recognition in primates: phylogeny and the salience of species-typical features |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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92 |
Issue |
23 |
Pages |
10811-10814 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Discrimination (Psychology); Exploratory Behavior; Female; Hair Color; Male; Phylogeny; Psychology, Comparative; Research Design; Saguinus/*psychology; *Self Concept; Species Specificity; Touch; *Visual Perception |
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Abstract |
Self-recognition has been explored in nonlinguistic organisms by recording whether individuals touch a dye-marked area on visually inaccessible parts of their face while looking in a mirror or inspect parts of their body while using the mirror's reflection. Only chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and humans over the age of approximately 2 years consistently evidence self-directed mirror-guided behavior without experimenter training. To evaluate the inferred phylogenetic gap between hominoids and other animals, a modified dye-mark test was conducted with cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), a New World monkey species. The white hair on the tamarins' head was color-dyed, thereby significantly altering a visually distinctive species-typical feature. Only individuals with dyed hair and prior mirror exposure touched their head while looking in the mirror. They looked longer in the mirror than controls, and some individuals used the mirror to observe visually inaccessible body parts. Prior failures to pass the mirror test may have been due to methodological problems, rather than to phylogenetic differences in the capacity for self-recognition. Specifically, an individual's sensitivity to experimentally modified parts of its body may depend crucially on the relative saliency of the modified part (e.g., face versus hair). Moreover, and in contrast to previous claims, we suggest that the mirror test may not be sufficient for assessing the concept of self or mental state attribution in nonlinguistic organisms. |
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Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA |
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English |
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0027-8424 |
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PMID:7479889 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2825 |
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Author |
Duncan, I.J.H. |
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Title |
D.G.M. Wood-Gush Memorial Lecture: An applied ethologist looks at the question “Why?” |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
44 |
Issue |
2-4 |
Pages |
205-217 |
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Keywords |
Causation; Cognition; Function; Future research; Ontogeny; Phylogeny; States of suffering; Welfare |
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Abstract |
The question “Why does an animal behave as it does?” can be answered in terms of ontogeny, function, phylogeny and causation. The achievements of applied ethology relative to those four approaches are reviewed, gaps in our knowledge are identified and predictions for fruitful avenues of future research are made. Ontogenic studies have been useful in the past and it is suggested that studies of the effects of early experience on the sexual behaviour of animals used in artificial breeding schemes might pay dividends. It is proposed that functional studies should be approached cautiously. More information is required on the process of domestication in order to increase the chances of success in the trend to farm exotic species. Studies on causation are likely to continue to be the mainstay of applied ethological research. It is suggested that within this category, studies on states of suffering, motivation and cognition are urgently required to answer the most pressing questions on animal welfare. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2919 |
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Author |
Custance DM; Whiten A; Bard KA |
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Title |
Can young chimpanzees imitate arbitrary actions? Hayes and Hayes (1952) revisited |
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Year |
1995 |
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Behavior |
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132 |
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839 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2990 |
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Author |
Gallup GG; Povinelli DJ; Suarez SD; Anderson JR; Lethmate J; Menzel EW |
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Title |
Further reflections on self-recognition in primates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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50 |
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Pages |
1525 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2999 |
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Author |
Hauser MD; Kralik J; Bott-Mahan C; Garrett M; Oser J |
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Title |
Self-recognition in primates: phylogeny and the salience of species-typical traits |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA |
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Volume |
92 |
Issue |
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Pages |
10811 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3003 |
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Author |
Heyes CM |
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Title |
Self-recognition in primates: further reflections create a hall of mirrors |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
50 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1533 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3006 |
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Author |
Limongelli L; Boysen ST; Visalberghi E |
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Title |
Comprehension of cause-effect relations in a tool-using task by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
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Journal Article |
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1995 |
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J. Comp. Psychol. |
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109 |
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18 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3015 |
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Author |
Mitchell R |
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Title |
Self-recognition, methodology and explanation: a comment on Heyes (1994) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
51 |
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Pages |
467 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3020 |
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Author |
Pepperberg IM; Garcia SE; Jackson EC; Marconi S |
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Title |
Mirror use by African Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) |
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Journal Article |
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1995 |
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J. Comp. Psychol. |
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109 |
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182 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3023 |
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Author |
Russon AE; Galdikas BMF |
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Title |
Constraints on great apes' imitation: model and action selectivity in rehabilitant orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) imitation |
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1995 |
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J. Comp. Psychol. |
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109 |
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5 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3037 |
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