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Author  |
de Vries, H. |
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Title |
An improved test of linearity in dominance hierarchies containing unknown or tied relationships |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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50 |
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5 |
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1375-1389 |
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Appleby (1983, Anim. Behav., 31, 600-608) described a statistical test, based on the work of Kendall (1962, Rank Correlation Methods), for the significance of linearity in dominance hierarchies. He suggested that unknown relationships should be assigned the value 1/2 and that subsequently the same test procedure can be used. In this paper it is shown that incorrect results are obtained by this method whenever there are unknown relationships. Values of the linearity index are systematically too low. P-values can be too high (underestimating the significance) or too low (overestimating), and seem to differ by not much more than a factor two (respectively a half) from the correct P-value. An improved method is developed for testing linearity in a set of dominance relationships containing unknown relationships. Furthermore, it is argued that, if one admits the possibility of tied dominance relationships, which should indeed be assigned the value 1/2, Landau's linearity index is to be preferred to Kendall's index. A randomization test is developed for assessing the significance of linearity or non-linearity in a set of dominance relationships containing unknown or tied relationships. The test statistic employed in this testing procedure is based on Landau's linearity index, but takes the unknown and tied relationships into account. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4284 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B. |
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Title |
Bonobo sex and society |
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1995 |
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Scientific American |
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Sci Am |
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272 |
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3 |
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82-88 |
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Animals; Evolution; Female; Hominidae; Humans; Male; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Social Behavior |
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Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Atlanta |
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English |
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0036-8733 |
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PMID:7871411 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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206 |
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Author |
Dey, S. |
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Title |
Trailer accidents |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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15 |
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4 |
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148-149 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4662 |
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Author |
Dugatkin, L.A.; Hoglund, J. |
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Title |
Delayed breeding and the evolution of mate copying in lekking species |
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Year |
1995 |
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Journal of Theoretical Biology |
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J. Theor. Biol. |
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174 |
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3 |
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261-267 |
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Recent experimental evidence indicates that females may copy the mate choice of others. Here, we present a model for the evolution of mate copying strategies in lekking species. In the model, all females (copiers and non-copiers) assess male quality, but a copier's assessment of a male's quality increases after males have mated with other females. The model demonstrates that mate copying is favored when breeding late in the season has a relatively high cost. We hope that our results will spur empirical work quantifying the time constraints associated with breeding, thus allowing more direct tests of the model's predictions. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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482 |
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Duncan, I.J.H. |
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Title |
D.G.M. Wood-Gush Memorial Lecture: An applied ethologist looks at the question “Why?” |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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44 |
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2-4 |
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205-217 |
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Causation; Cognition; Function; Future research; Ontogeny; Phylogeny; States of suffering; Welfare |
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The question “Why does an animal behave as it does?” can be answered in terms of ontogeny, function, phylogeny and causation. The achievements of applied ethology relative to those four approaches are reviewed, gaps in our knowledge are identified and predictions for fruitful avenues of future research are made. Ontogenic studies have been useful in the past and it is suggested that studies of the effects of early experience on the sexual behaviour of animals used in artificial breeding schemes might pay dividends. It is proposed that functional studies should be approached cautiously. More information is required on the process of domestication in order to increase the chances of success in the trend to farm exotic species. Studies on causation are likely to continue to be the mainstay of applied ethological research. It is suggested that within this category, studies on states of suffering, motivation and cognition are urgently required to answer the most pressing questions on animal welfare. |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2919 |
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Author |
Ellis, L. |
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Title |
Dominance and reproductive success among nonhuman animals: A cross-species comparison |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Ethology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethol. a. Sociob. |
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16 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
257-333 |
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This paper updates and extends Dewsbury's (1982) review of the literature on dominance and reproductive success (RS). The findings from approximately 700 studies are included, over two thirds of which were unavailable to Dewsbury. In order to give a highly condensed and yet meaningful overview, the main findings are represented in four tables, one for male nonprimates, one for female nonprimates, one for male primates, and one for female primates. In the tables for males, findings are analyzed in terms of six different indicators of RS, and in the tables for females, in terms of eight RS indicators. Outside the primate order, evidence largely supported the hypothesis that high-ranking males enjoy greater RS than do subordinate males. For females, studies are more evenly divided between those supporting the hypothesis that high rank and RS are positively correlated and those indicating no significant rank-RS relationship. This may reflect both the lower saliency of hierarchical relationships among females, as well as the lower variability in RS among females, relative to males. Among primates, a complex picture has emerged, especially in the case of males. Much of the complexity appears due to the importance of age and seniority in affecting dominance rank. Also, in some primate species, female preferences for sex partners seem to have little to do with the male's dominance rank, at least at the time mating takes place. Nevertheless, the majority of studies suggest that high- to middle-ranking males have at least a slight lifetime reproductive advantage over the lowest ranking males. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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722 |
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Author |
Figueredo, A.J.; Cox, R.L.; Rhine, R.J. |
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Title |
A Generalizability Analysis of Subjective Personality Assessments in the Stumptail Macaque and the Zebra Finch |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Multivariate Behavioral Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Multivariate Behav Res |
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30 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
167-197 |
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Psychometric findings are reported from two studies concerning the construct validity, temporal stability, and interrater reliability of the latent common factors underlying subjective assessments by human raters of personality traits in two nonhuman animal species: (a) the Stumptail macaque (Maraca arctoides), a cercopithecine monkey; and (b) the Zebra finch (Poephila guttata), an estrildid songbird. Because most theories of animal personality have historically implied that certain personality constructs should be relatively universal across taxa, parallel analyses of similar data are reported for two phylogenetically distant species of subject using the same psychometric methods. Each of the samples was drawn from a socially-housed colony of the same species: that of macaques consisted of 5 mature adult fem ales and 8 of their adult offspring and that of finches consisted of 5 adult individuals. A modified version of the 1978 Stevenson-Hinde and Zunz (SHZ) list of personality items was applied to the macaques at various times during the eight years from 1980-1988 and to the finches during 1992. This study also used the three SHZ scales – Confident, Excitable, and Sociable – originally derived from principal components. Generalizability analyses were used to assess the construct validity, temporal stability, and interrater reliability of the hypothesized factors. Both Stumptail macaques and Zebra finches manifest measurable personality factors that are highly valid across multiple items, stable across multiple years, and reliable across multiple raters. The same model fits both species, as predicted by theory. The construct validity of the factors is slightly higher for the finches than for the macaques, although the interrater reliability is somewhat lower. This study illustrates how generalizability analysis can be used to test prespecified confirmatory factor models when the number of individual subjects is quite small. |
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Psychology Press |
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0027-3171 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5169 |
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Author |
Fournier, F.; Festa-Bianchet, M. |
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Title |
Social dominance in adult female mountain goats |
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Journal Article |
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1995 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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49 |
Issue |
6 |
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1449-1459 |
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The social behaviour of adult female mountain goats, Oreamnos americanus, was studied for 2 years in an unhunted population in west-central Alberta, Canada. Compared with other female ungulates, mountain goat females interacted aggressively much more frequently and their dominance ranks were less stable in time and less age-related. Goats were organized in a non-linear but non-random dominance hierarchy, with many reversals in rank. The best morphological predictor of dominance rank was horn length one year and body mass in the following year. Age was a weaker predictor of dominance status than what has been reported for other female ungulates. The ranks of individual goats changed between years and dominance rank one year was not a good predictor of rank the following year. These results suggest that linearity may only be possible when a contested resource can be defended. Dominant female goats did not forage more efficiently than subordinate goats, and dominant status did not affect the amount of time devoted to alert behaviour. |
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754 |
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Author |
Galef,, Bennett G. |
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Title |
Why behaviour patterns that animals learn socially are locally adaptive |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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49 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1325-1334 |
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Recent models of the social transmission of behaviour by animals have repeatedly led their authors to the counterintuitive (and counterfactual) conclusion that traditional behaviour patterns in animals are often not locally adaptive. This deduction results from the assumption in such models that frequency of expression of socially learned behaviour patterns is not affected by rewards or punishments contingent upon their expression. An alternative approach to analysis of social learning processes, based on Staddon-Simmelhag's conditioning model, is proposed here. It is assumed that social interactions affect the probability of introduction of novel behaviour patterns into a naive individual's repertoire and that consequences of engaging in a socially learned behaviour determine whether that behaviour continues to be expressed. Review of several recently analysed instances of animal social learning suggests that distinguishing processes that introduce behaviour patterns into the repertoires of individuals from processes that select among behavioural alternatives aids in understanding observed differences in the longevity of various traditional behaviour patterns studied in both laboratory and field. Finally, implications of the present approach for understanding the role of social learning in evolutionary process are discussed. |
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578 |
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Author |
Gallup GG; Povinelli DJ; Suarez SD; Anderson JR; Lethmate J; Menzel EW |
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Title |
Further reflections on self-recognition in primates |
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1995 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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50 |
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1525 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2999 |
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