| Records |
| Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Sherburne, L.M. |
Title  |
Role of differential sample responding in the differential outcomes effect involving delayed matching by pigeons |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
20 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
390-401 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; *Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; Feeding Behavior; Task Performance and Analysis |
| Abstract |
The role of differential sample responding in the differential outcomes effect was examined. In Experiment 1, we trained pigeons on a one-to-many matching task with differential sample responding required. Differential outcomes were associated with samples and comparisons, with comparisons only, or with neither samples nor comparisons. Slopes of delay functions for trials with pecked versus nonpecked samples suggested use of a single-code-default strategy in the nondifferential-outcomes group but not in the differential-outcomes groups. In Experiment 2, differential sample responding and differential outcomes were manipulated independently. Again, there were significant differences in the relative slopes of the delay functions. Results suggest that differential outcomes exert their effect independently of differential sample responding. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506 |
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| Language |
English |
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| ISSN |
0097-7403 |
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| Notes |
PMID:7964521 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
257 |
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| Author |
Wilson, S. D.; Clark, A. B.; Coleman, K.; Dearstyne, T. |
| Title |
Shyness and boldness in humans and other animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Trends in Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends. Ecol. Evol |
| Volume |
9 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
442-446 |
| Keywords |
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| Abstract |
The shy-bold continuum is a fundamental axis of behavioral variation in humans and at least some other species, but its taxonomic distribution and evolutionary implications are unknown. Models of optimal risk, density- or frequency-dependent selection, and phenotypic plasticity can provide a theoretical framework for understanding shyness and boldness as a product of natural selection. We sketch this framework and review the few empirical studies of shyness and boldness in natural populations. The study of shyness and boldness adds an interesting new dimension to behavioral ecology by focusing on the nature of continuous behavioral variation that exists within the familiar categories of age, sex and size. |
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| ISSN |
0169-5347 |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5161 |
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| Author |
Houpt, K. A.; Boyd L. |
| Title |
Social Behaviour |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Przewalski's horse |
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State university of New York Press |
Place of Publication |
Albany |
Editor |
Boyd L.; Houpt, K. A. |
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no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5433 |
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| Author |
Avital, E.; Jablonka, E. |
| Title |
Social learning and the evolution of behaviour |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
48 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1195-1199 |
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| Abstract |
Abstract. In animals capable of learning from a parent or other individual, socially acquired behaviour can be transmitted through several generations. When the inheritance of variations in such behaviour is independent of genotypic variations, natural selection can operate on an additional level. Direct evolution of behaviour becomes possible, and this may alter the estimates of costs and benefits of behaviour patterns for the individual who transmits them. It is suggested that the effects of maternally transmitted behaviour contribute to the evolution of maternal behavioural strategies, and to the evolution of behaviour associated with male-female conflict. |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
574 |
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| Author |
Heyes, C.M. |
| Title |
Social learning in animals: categories and mechanisms |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biol. Rev. |
| Volume |
69 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
207-231 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Conditioning (Psychology); *Learning; Reinforcement (Psychology); *Social Behavior |
| Abstract |
There has been relatively little research on the psychological mechanisms of social learning. This may be due, in part, to the practice of distinguishing categories of social learning in relation to ill-defined mechanisms (Davis, 1973; Galef, 1988). This practice both makes it difficult to identify empirically examples of different types of social learning, and gives the false impression that the mechanisms responsible for social learning are clearly understood. It has been proposed that social learning phenomena be subsumed within the categorization scheme currently used by investigators of asocial learning. This scheme distinguishes categories of learning according to observable conditions, namely, the type of experience that gives rise to a change in an animal (single stimulus vs. stimulus-stimulus relationship vs. response-reinforcer relationship), and the type of behaviour in which this change is detected (response evocation vs. learnability) (Rescorla, 1988). Specifically, three alignments have been proposed: (i) stimulus enhancement with single stimulus learning, (ii) observational conditioning with stimulus-stimulus learning, or Pavlovian conditioning, and (iii) observational learning with response-reinforcer learning, or instrumental conditioning. If, as the proposed alignments suggest, the conditions of social and asocial learning are the same, there is some reason to believe that the mechanisms underlying the two sets of phenomena are also the same. This is so if one makes the relatively uncontroversial assumption that phenomena which occur under similar conditions tend to be controlled by similar mechanisms. However, the proposed alignments are intended to be a set of hypotheses, rather than conclusions, about the mechanisms of social learning; as a basis for further research in which animal learning theory is applied to social learning. A concerted attempt to apply animal learning theory to social learning, to find out whether the same mechanisms are responsible for social and asocial learning, could lead both to refinements of the general theory, and to a better understanding of the mechanisms of social learning. There are precedents for these positive developments in research applying animal learning theory to food aversion learning (e.g. Domjan, 1983; Rozin & Schull, 1988) and imprinting (e.g. Bolhuis, de Vox & Kruit, 1990; Hollis, ten Cate & Bateson, 1991). Like social learning, these phenomena almost certainly play distinctive roles in the antogeny of adaptive behaviour, and they are customarily regarded as 'special kinds' of learning (Shettleworth, 1993).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University College London |
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English |
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| ISSN |
1464-7931 |
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| Notes |
PMID:8054445 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
708 |
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| Author |
Wasserman, S.; Faust, K. |
| Title |
Social Network Analysis : Methods and Applications |
Type |
Book Whole |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
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Pages |
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bibtex-import |
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Cambridge University Press |
Place of Publication |
Cambridge |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Wasserman1994 |
Serial |
5150 |
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| Author |
McLeod, P.G.; Huntingford, F.A. |
| Title |
Social rank and predator inspection in sticklebacks |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
47 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1238-1240 |
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Approved |
no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
525 |
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| Author |
Walter, G.; Reisner, A. |
| Title |
Student opinion formation on animal agriculture issues |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume |
72 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1654-1658 |
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| Abstract |
N1 - |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2935 |
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| Author |
FitzGibbon, C. D. |
| Title |
The costs and benefits of predator inspection behaviour in Thomson's gazelles |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume |
34 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
139-148 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
524 |
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| Author |
Rubenstein, D. I. |
| Title |
The ecology of female social behaviour in horses, zebras and asses |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Animal Societies |
Abbreviated Journal |
Animal Societies |
| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
13-28 |
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Kyoto University Press |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Jarman, P.J.;, Rositter, A. |
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ISBN |
4-87698-014-4 |
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yes |
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Serial |
1528 |
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