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Author Clayton, H.M.
Title (up) Comparison of the stride kinematics of the collected, working, medium and extended trot in horses Type Journal Article
Year 1994 Publication Equine Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J
Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 230-234
Keywords Analysis of Variance; Animals; Biomechanics; Female; Forelimb/anatomy & histology/physiology; Gait/*physiology; Hindlimb/anatomy & histology/physiology; Horses/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Locomotion/physiology; Male; Motion Pictures
Abstract Highly-trained dressage horses were studied to test the hypothesis that stride length is altered independently of stride duration in the transitions between the collected, working, medium and extended trot. Six well-trained dressage horses were filmed at a frame rate of 150 frames/s performing the collected, working, medium and extended trots in a sand arena. Temporal, linear and angular data were extracted from the films, with 4 strides being analysed for each horse and gait type. There were no significant asymmetries between the left and rights limbs or diagonals when data from the whole group were pooled, but 3 horses showed asymmetries in one or more variables (P < 0.01). Analysis of variance and post-hoc tests indicated that the speed increased significantly (P < 0.01) from the collected (3.20 m/s) to the working (3.61 m/s) to the medium (4.47 m/s) to the extended (4.93 m/s) trot. The increases in speed were associated with a significant increase in stride length from 250 cm in the collected trot, to 273 cm in the working trot, 326 cm in the medium trot and 355 cm in the extended trot (P < 0.01). The lengthening of the stride was a result of increases between each gait type in the over-reach distance, whereas the diagonal distance was significantly longer in the extended than the collected trot only (P < 0.01). The stride duration tended to decrease as speed increased, and the difference became significant between the collected and extended trots (P < 0.01).
Address Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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ISSN 0425-1644 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:8542844 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3746
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Author Boesch, C.
Title (up) Cooperative hunting in wild chimpanzees Type Journal Article
Year 1994 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 653-667
Keywords
Abstract A model for the evolution of cooperation shows that two conditions are necessary for cooperation to be stable: a hunting success rate that is low for single hunters and increases with group size, and a social mechanism limiting access to meat by non-hunters. Testing this model on TaI chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, showed that (1) it pays for individuals to hunt in groups of three or four rather than alone or in pairs, and (2) cooperation is stable because hunters gain more at these group sizes than cheaters, owing to a meat-sharing pattern in which hunting, dominance and age, in that order, determine how much an individual gets. In addition, hunters provide cheaters (about 45% of the meat eaters) with the surplus they produce during the hunts. Thus, cooperation in Tai male chimpanzees is an evolutionarily stable strategy, and its success allows cheating to be an evolutionarily stable strategy for Tai female chimpanzees. In Gombe chimpanzees, cooperation is not stable, first, because hunting success is very high for single hunters, and second, because no social mechanism exists that limits access to meat by non-hunters. The analysis showed that some assumptions made when discussing cooperation in other social hunters might be wrong. This might downgrade our general perception of the importance of cooperation as an evolutionary cause of sociality.
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ISSN 0003-3472 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4715
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Author Crowell-Davis, S.L.
Title (up) Daytime rest behavior of the Welsh pony (Equus caballus) mare and foal Type Journal Article
Year 1994 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 40 Issue 3-4 Pages 197-210
Keywords Horse; Behavior; Rest; Sleep; Pony; Foal
Abstract Upright and recumbent rest of 15 Welsh pony foals and their mothers was studied over a 2 year period. During their first week of life, the foals spent 32% of the time in recumbent rest. Subsequently, the percentage of time spent in recumbent rest decreased, but was still greater than for the foal's mother by Week 21, when the foals spent 6.5% of their time in recumbent rest. Adults spent little time in recumbent rest. Foals rested upright only 3.5% of the time during their first week of life. Mares rested upright more than foals did to Week 13, at which time peak values for time spent in upright rest occurred for both mares (32.5%) and foals (23%). Subsequently, mares and foals spent equal, but decreasing, amounts of time resting upright. The total time spent resting by the foals decreased gradually, and was characterized by a transition from recumbent rest to upright rest. Foals were more likely to be resting, either recumbent or upright, if their mother was resting upright. During the late spring, summer, and early autumn, mares and foals were most likely to be resting upright between 09:00 and 17:00 h.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2269
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Author Ishida, N.; Hirano, T.; Mukoyama, H.
Title (up) Detection of aberrant alleles in the D-loop region of equine mitochondrial DNA by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis Type Journal Article
Year 1994 Publication Animal Genetics Abbreviated Journal Anim Genet
Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages 287
Keywords *Alleles; Animals; Base Sequence; *DNA, Mitochondrial; DNA, Single-Stranded/genetics; Female; Gene Frequency; Genomic Imprinting; Horses/*genetics; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Pedigree; *Polymorphism, Genetic
Abstract
Address Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Japan Racing Association, Tokyo
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ISSN 0268-9146 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:7985852 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2213
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Author Vallortigara, G.; Andrew, R.J.
Title (up) Differential involvement of right and left hemisphere in individual recognition in the domestic chick Type Journal Article
Year 1994 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.
Volume 33 Issue 1-2 Pages 41-57
Keywords Right hemisphere; Left hemisphere; Domestic fowl; Lateralization; Chick
Abstract Right hemisphere advantage in individual recognition (as shown by differences between response to strangers and companions) is clear in the domestic chick. Chicks using the left eye (and so, thanks to the complete optic decussation, predominantly the right hemisphere) discriminate between stranger and companion. Chicks using the right eye discriminate less clearly or not at all. The ability of left eyed chicks to respond to differences between strangers and companions stimuli is associated with a more general ability to detect and respond to novelty: this difference between left and right eyed chicks also holds for stimuli which are not social partners. The right hemisphere also shows advantage in tasks with a spatial component (topographical learning; response to change in the spatial context of a stimulus) in the chick, as in humans. Similar specialisations of the two hemispheres are also revealed in tests which involve olfactory cues presented by social partners. The special properties of the left hemisphere are less well established in the chick. Evidence reviewed here suggests that it tends to respond to selected properties of a stimulus and to use them to assign it to a category; such assignment then allows an appropriate response. When exposed to an imprinting stimulus (visual or auditory) a chick begins by using right eye or ear (suggesting left hemisphere control), and then shifts to the left eye or ear (suggesting right hemisphere control), as exposure continues. The left hemisphere here is thus involved whilst behaviour is dominated by vigorous response to releasing stimuli presented by an object. Subsequent learning about the full detailed properties of the stimulus, which is crucial for individual recognition, may explain the shift to right hemisphere control after prolonged exposure to the social stimulus. There is a marked sex difference in choice tests: females tend to choose companions in tests where males choose strangers. It is possible that this difference is specifically caused by stronger motivation to sustain social contact in female chicks, for which there is extensive evidence. However, sex differences in response to change in familiar stimuli are also marked in tests which do not involve social partners. Finally, in both sexes there are two periods during development in which there age-dependent shifts in bias to use one or other hemisphere. These periods (days 3-5 and 8-11) coincide with two major changes in the social behaviour of chicks reared by a hen in a normal brood. It is argued that one function of these periods is to bring fully into play the hemisphere most appropriate to the type of response to, and learning about, social partners which is needed at particular points in development. Parallels are discussed between the involvement of lateralised processes in the recognition of social partners in chicks and humans.
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ISSN 0376-6357 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5341
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Author Sappington, B.F.; Goldman, L.
Title (up) Discrimination learning and concept formation in the Arabian horse Type Journal Article
Year 1994 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.
Volume 72 Issue 12 Pages 3080-3087
Keywords
Abstract Discrimination learning and concept formation abilities were investigated in four mature Arabian horses. A series of two-choice discrimination problems were presented on stimulus panels that could open to allow access to food bowls. Selection of the correct stimulus resulted in food reinforcement, and an incorrect choice was not rewarded. The positions of the correct and incorrect stimuli were varied randomly during each test session, and the criterion for learning each problem was 85% correct for two consecutive sessions of 30 or 40 trials. Testing progressed through six discrimination problems. The first four were simple pattern discriminations, but the last two incorporated several different triangles as correct stimuli and thus involved the concept of triangularity. Two of the subjects successfully completed only simple pattern discriminations, one showed evidence of learning in the first concept problem, and one completed all six tests, including the two concept formation problems. The results demonstrate complex pattern discrimination ability in horses, and suggest that they may also have the ability to form and use concepts in problem solving.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3569
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Author Huber W,
Title (up) Dokumentation der fünf bekannten Lebendaufnahmen vom Quagga,Equus quagga quagga Gmelin, 1788 (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae) Type Journal Article
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal Spixiana 17
Volume Issue Pages 193-199
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Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved yes
Call Number Serial 1208
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Author Araba, B.D.; Crowell-Davis, S.L.
Title (up) Dominance relationships and aggression of foals (Equus caballus) Type Journal Article
Year 1994 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 41 Issue 1-2 Pages 1-25
Keywords aggression; dominance; horse; Equus caballus
Abstract Studied a herd of 15 Belgian brood-mares and 10 foals. Specific aspects of social structure studied were dominance-subordinance relationships, preferred associates, social spacing, aggression rates, the frequency of aggressions administered down the dominance hierarchy, and interactive play bouts. The rank order of the foals, both before and after weaning, was positively correlated with the rank order of their dams. There was also a significant relationship between a foal's rank and its total aggression or aggression rate per subordinate post-weaning. Higher ranking foals had higher rates of aggression. Over 80% of threats were directed down the dominance hierachy. The play-rank order of the foals, scored by the number of times foal left a play bout, was not significantly correlated with the rank order as scored by agonistic interactions. -from Authors
Address Dept Anatomy and Radiology, Univ of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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ISSN 01681591 (Issn) ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 790
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Author Straatsma, G.; Samson, R.A.; Olijnsma, T.W.; Op Den Camp, H.J.; Gerrits, J.P.; Van Griensven, L.J.
Title (up) Ecology of Thermophilic Fungi in Mushroom Compost, with Emphasis on Scytalidium thermophilum and Growth Stimulation of Agaricus bisporus Mycelium Type Journal Article
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal Appl Environ Microbiol
Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 454-458
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Abstract Twenty-two species of thermophilic fungi were isolated from mushroom compost. Scytalidium thermophilum was present in the compost ingredients, fresh straw, horse droppings, and drainage from compost and dominated the fungal biota of compost after preparation. Of 34 species of thermophilic fungi tested, 9 promoted mycelial growth of Agaricus bisporus on sterilized compost: Chaetomium thermophilum, an unidentified Chaetomium sp., Malbranchea sulfurea, Myriococcum thermophilum, S. thermophilum, Stilbella thermophila, Thielavia terrestris, and two unidentified basidiomycetes. These species will be considered for future experiments on inoculation and more controlled preparation of compost.
Address Mushroom [ill] Station, Horst, The Netherlands
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ISSN 0099-2240 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:16349175 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2664
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Author Frey, G.; Hildenbrandt, E.
Title (up) Einführung in die Trainingslehre 1. Grundlagen Type Book Whole
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
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Publisher Hofmann Place of Publication Schorndorf Editor
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ISSN ISBN 3778084127 Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4442
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