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| Author |
Vallortigara, G.; Andrew, R.J. |
| Title |
Differential involvement of right and left hemisphere in individual recognition in the domestic chick |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
33 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
41-57 |
| Keywords |
Right hemisphere; Left hemisphere; Domestic fowl; Lateralization; Chick |
| Abstract |
Right hemisphere advantage in individual recognition (as shown by differences between response to strangers and companions) is clear in the domestic chick. Chicks using the left eye (and so, thanks to the complete optic decussation, predominantly the right hemisphere) discriminate between stranger and companion. Chicks using the right eye discriminate less clearly or not at all. The ability of left eyed chicks to respond to differences between strangers and companions stimuli is associated with a more general ability to detect and respond to novelty: this difference between left and right eyed chicks also holds for stimuli which are not social partners. The right hemisphere also shows advantage in tasks with a spatial component (topographical learning; response to change in the spatial context of a stimulus) in the chick, as in humans. Similar specialisations of the two hemispheres are also revealed in tests which involve olfactory cues presented by social partners. The special properties of the left hemisphere are less well established in the chick. Evidence reviewed here suggests that it tends to respond to selected properties of a stimulus and to use them to assign it to a category; such assignment then allows an appropriate response. When exposed to an imprinting stimulus (visual or auditory) a chick begins by using right eye or ear (suggesting left hemisphere control), and then shifts to the left eye or ear (suggesting right hemisphere control), as exposure continues. The left hemisphere here is thus involved whilst behaviour is dominated by vigorous response to releasing stimuli presented by an object. Subsequent learning about the full detailed properties of the stimulus, which is crucial for individual recognition, may explain the shift to right hemisphere control after prolonged exposure to the social stimulus. There is a marked sex difference in choice tests: females tend to choose companions in tests where males choose strangers. It is possible that this difference is specifically caused by stronger motivation to sustain social contact in female chicks, for which there is extensive evidence. However, sex differences in response to change in familiar stimuli are also marked in tests which do not involve social partners. Finally, in both sexes there are two periods during development in which there age-dependent shifts in bias to use one or other hemisphere. These periods (days 3-5 and 8-11) coincide with two major changes in the social behaviour of chicks reared by a hen in a normal brood. It is argued that one function of these periods is to bring fully into play the hemisphere most appropriate to the type of response to, and learning about, social partners which is needed at particular points in development. Parallels are discussed between the involvement of lateralised processes in the recognition of social partners in chicks and humans. |
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0376-6357 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5341 |
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| Author |
Rizhova, L.Y.; Kulagin, D.A. |
| Title |
The effects of corticosteroids on lateral bias in female rats |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Behavioural Brain Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Brain. Res. |
| Volume |
60 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
51-54 |
| Keywords |
Corticosterone; Lateral preference; Estrus cycle; Asymmetry |
| Abstract |
In Experiment 1 female rats were given one trial per day for 8 days in a T-maze, and their initial direction of choice (left/right) was noted. Vaginal smears were also obtained daily. After this some animals were adrenalectomized and given Ringer's solution; others were adrenalectomozed and given hydrocortisone replacement; a third group was sham adrenalectomized, and a fourth group was an intact control. A week after surgery the animals were again tested for 8 days in the T-maze and vaginal smears were obtained. In Experiment 2 rats were subjected to the same surgical treatments as described above and were then tested for 8 days in the T-maze. In Expt. 1 there was no direction bias among the four groups prior to surgery. However, after surgery the Adrenalectomy + Ringer's group showed a significant increase in their rightward choices in the T-maze. This was also found in Expt. 2. Both adrenalectomized groups in Expt. 1 had a significant reduction in the duration of the estrus phase of their cycle. We conclude that corticosterone can affect lateral preference in a T-maze through a mechanism independent of the hormonal changes involved in the estrus cycle. |
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| ISSN |
0166-4328 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5349 |
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| Author |
Noë, R.; Hammerstein, P. |
| Title |
Biological markets: supply and demand determine the effect of partner choice in cooperation, mutualism and mating |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume |
35 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
1-11 |
| Keywords |
Biomedical and Life Sciences |
| Abstract |
The formation of collaborating pairs by individuals belonging to two different classes occurs in the contexts of reproduction and intea-specific cooperation as well as of inter-specific mutualism. There is potential for partner choice and for competition for access to preferred partners in all three contexts. These selective forces have long been recognised as important in sexual selection, but their impact is not yet appreciated in cooperative and mutualistic systems. The formation of partnerships between members of different classes has much in common with the conclusion of trade agreements in human markets with two classes of traders, like producers and consumers, or employers and employees. Similar game-theoretical models can be used to predict the behaviour of rational traders in human markets and the evolutionarily stable strategies used in biological markets. We present a formal model in which the influence of the market mechanism on selection is made explicit. We restrict ourselves to biological markets in which: (1) Individuals do not compete over access to partners in an agonistic manner, but rather by outcompeting each other in those aspects that are preferred by the choosing party. (2) The commodity the partner has to offer cannot be obtained by the use of force, but requires the consent of the partner. These two restrictions ensure a dominant role for partner choice in the formation of partnerships. In a biological market model the decision to cooperate is based on the comparison between the offers of several potential partners, rather than on the behaviour of a single potential partner, as is implicitly assumed in currently accepted models of cooperation. In our example the members of one class A offer a commodity of fixed value in exchange for a commodity of variable value supplied by the other class, B. We show that when the B-class outnumbers the A-class sufficiently and the cost for the A-class to sample the offers of the B-class are low, the choosiness of the A-class will lead to selection for the supply of high value commodities by the B-class (Fig. 3a). Under the same market conditions, but with a high sampling cost this may still be the evolutionariy stable outcome, but another pair of strategies proves to be stable too: relaxed choosiness of class A coupled with low value commodities supplied by class B (Fig. 3b). We give a number of examples of mating, cooperative and mutualistic markets that resemble the low sampling cost situation depicted in Fig. 3a. |
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Springer Berlin / Heidelberg |
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| ISSN |
0340-5443 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5404 |
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| Author |
Houpt, K. A.; Boyd L. |
| Title |
Social Behaviour |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Przewalski's horse |
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State university of New York Press |
Place of Publication |
Albany |
Editor |
Boyd L.; Houpt, K. A. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5433 |
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| Author |
Irvine, C.H.G.; Alexander, S.L. |
| Title |
Factors affecting the circadian rhythm in plasma cortisol concentrations in the horse |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Domestic Animal Endocrinology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. |
| Volume |
11 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
227-238 |
| Keywords |
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| Abstract |
In horses, a circadian rhythm in plasma cortisol concentrations has been reported in some but not all studies. When a rhythm occurred, horses were accustomed to a management routine, comprising stabling, feeding and sometimes exercise, which may entrain a circadian pattern. In this work, we monitored plasma cortisol by collecting jugular blood through indwelling cannulae from four groups: 1): 10 untrained, unperturbed mares grazing excess pasture, bled hourly for 26 hr; 2) 4 mares housed in a barn for 48 hr before sampling every 15 min for 20–24 hr; 3) 5 mares placed in an outdoor yard for sampling every 30 min from 0930–2100 hr; and 4) 4 stabled racehorses in training, bled every 30 min from 0730–2000 hr and once the following morning at 0830 hr. Plasma cortisol showed a similarly-timed circadian rhythm (P<0.0001) in all Group 1 horses, with a peak at 0600–0900 hr, and a nadir at 1800–2100 hr. By contrast, cortisol concentrations did not vary with time in either Group 2 or 3. Neither daily mean nor peak cortisol values differed in Group 1 and 2 (i.e. bled for >= 20 hr); however nadir values were higher (P<0.05) in Group 2. In Group 4, cortisol declined (P=0.004) during the sampling period but had returned to initial concentrations the next morning. Values did not differ from those for Group 1, except between 1000 and 1300 hr when cortisol in Group 4 was lower (P<0.05). We conclude that a circadian cortisol rhythm exists in horses in the absence of any known cues imposed by humans. However, this rhythm can be obliterated by the minor perturbation of removing the horse from its accustomed environment. By contrast, the rhythm occurs in trained racehorses, suggesting either that they have adapted to their environment thereby allowing an endogenous rhythm to emerge, or that the rhythm is entrained by their daily routine. These observations highlight the difficulties in determining the cortisol status of a horse, since measurements will be affected by time of day, the occurrence of short-term fluctuations, and how accustomed the horse is to its environment. |
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0739-7240 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5590 |
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Vlajkoviç, S.; Nikoliç, V.; Nikoliç, A.; Milanoviç, S.žA.; Jankoviç, B.D. |
| Title |
Asymmetrical Modulation of Immune Reactivity in Left- and Right-Biased Rats After Ipsilateral Ablation of the Prefrontal, Parietal and Occipital Brain Neocortex |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Int J Neurosci |
Abbreviated Journal |
International Journal of Neuroscience |
| Volume |
78 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
123-134 |
| Keywords |
Brain asymmetry, brain neocortex, cortical ablation, rotational behavior, rotational bias, immune responses, neuroimmunomodulation, neuroimmunology |
| Abstract |
We report here on the lateralized brain immunomodulation in male Wistar rats, a phenomenon related to the rotational bias of animal and the site of cortical lesion. Rats assigned to left- and right-rotators in a cylindrical Plexiglass rotometer were subjected to the ablation of the ipsilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), parietal cortex (PC) and occipital cortex (OC) and sensitized with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Intact and sham-lesioned left-biased animals demonstrated increased Arthus and delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions and antibody production to BSA in comparison with corresponding right-biased animals. PFC ablation decreased humoral and cellular immune responses to BSA in left- but increased in right-biased rats. Lesioning of PC decreased humoral immune reactions in left- but increased in right-rotating animals. OC ablation failed to produce immunological abnormalities, These results suggest that immunopotentiation is associated with the left neocortex, and immunosuppression with the right neocortex. The prefrontal cortex appears to be particularly associated with immune reactions. |
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Informa Clin Med |
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0020-7454 |
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| Notes |
doi: 10.3109/00207459408986051 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5777 |
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| Author |
Thun, R.; Schwarz-Porsche, D. |
| Title |
Nebennierenrinde |
Type |
Book Whole |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Veterinärmedizinische Endokrinologie. |
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Issue |
3. Aufl. |
Pages |
309-351 |
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Verlag Gustav Fischer |
Place of Publication |
Jena, Stuttgart |
Editor |
F.H.Döcke |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5998 |
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| Author |
Fisher, J.; Hinde, R. A. |
| Title |
The opening of milk bottles by birds |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
British Birds |
Abbreviated Journal |
British Birds |
| Volume |
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Issue |
42 |
Pages |
347-357 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6525 |
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| Author |
Byrne R.W. |
| Title |
The evolution of intelligence |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Behaviour and Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Issue |
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Pages |
223-265 |
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Cambridge University Press |
Place of Publication |
Cambridge,UK |
Editor |
P.J.B. Slater and T.R. Halliday |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6566 |
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