Records |
Author |
Judge, P.G.; de Waal, F.B.; Paul, K.S.; Gordon, T.P. |
Title |
Removal of a trauma-inflicting alpha matriline from a group of rhesus macaques to control severe wounding |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Laboratory animal science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Lab Anim Sci |
Volume |
44 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
344-350 |
Keywords |
*Aggression; Animals; Female; *Macaca mulatta; Male; *Monkey Diseases; *Social Dominance; Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology/prevention & control/*veterinary |
Abstract |
Wounding in an 83-member group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) housed at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center Field Station became excessive to the point that intervention was deemed necessary. When observations indicated that three females from the group's alpha matriline were principally responsible for the wounding, the matriline (N = 7) was removed from the group. This study was conducted to document an atypical pattern of wounding in this group and to evaluate the effectiveness of removal as a procedure for controlling injuries. The aggression rates of 21 adult subjects and the wounds of all group members were recorded before and after the removal procedure and compared with those in a similar-sized group. Removing the alpha matriline did not alter aggression rates in the group or the rank order among the remaining matrilines. Aggression rates in the experimental group were also not significantly different from those in the comparison group before or after the removal. With the alpha matriline present, wounding levels in the group were significantly higher than those in the comparison group. After removal of the matriline, the frequency of wounds decreased significantly to levels similar to those of the comparison group. The pattern of excess wounding attributed to the extracted alpha females was idiosyncratic, involving removal of large patches of skin from the hindquarters of adult females or removal of the distal portion of the fingers, toes, or tail from juveniles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
Address |
Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329 |
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English |
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ISSN |
0023-6764 |
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Notes |
PMID:7983846 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
207 |
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Author |
Ishida, N.; Hirano, T.; Mukoyama, H. |
Title |
Detection of aberrant alleles in the D-loop region of equine mitochondrial DNA by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Animal Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim Genet |
Volume |
25 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
287 |
Keywords |
*Alleles; Animals; Base Sequence; *DNA, Mitochondrial; DNA, Single-Stranded/genetics; Female; Gene Frequency; Genomic Imprinting; Horses/*genetics; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Pedigree; *Polymorphism, Genetic |
Abstract |
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Address |
Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Japan Racing Association, Tokyo |
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English |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0268-9146 |
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Notes |
PMID:7985852 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2213 |
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Author |
Atock, M.A.; Williams, R.B. |
Title |
Welfare of competition horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Rev Sci Tech |
Volume |
13 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
217-232 |
Keywords |
*Animal Welfare; Animals; Doping in Sports; Ethics; Heat; Horses/*physiology; Housing, Animal/standards; Humidity; International Cooperation; Sports/*standards; Transportation/standards; Veterinary Medicine |
Abstract |
In the large majority of cases and circumstances, horses benefit from their association with man. However, abuse of horses can occur, due to neglect or through the pressures of competition. The welfare of all animals, including competition horses, has become increasingly topical over the past ten years. Equestrian sport is coming under closer public scrutiny due to reports of apparent abuse. The bodies responsible for regulating these sports strenuously endeavour to protect the welfare of horses which compete under their rules and regulations. The Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI: International Equestrian Federation) is the sole authority for all international events in dressage, show-jumping, three-day event, driving, endurance riding and vaulting. The FEI rules illustrate the ways in which the welfare of competing horses is safeguarded. |
Address |
Federation Equestre Internationale, Lausanne, Switzerland |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0253-1933 |
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Notes |
PMID:8173097 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3747 |
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Author |
Araba, B.D.; Crowell-Davis, S.L. |
Title |
Dominance relationships and aggression of foals (Equus caballus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume |
41 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
1-25 |
Keywords |
aggression; dominance; horse; Equus caballus |
Abstract |
Studied a herd of 15 Belgian brood-mares and 10 foals. Specific aspects of social structure studied were dominance-subordinance relationships, preferred associates, social spacing, aggression rates, the frequency of aggressions administered down the dominance hierarchy, and interactive play bouts. The rank order of the foals, both before and after weaning, was positively correlated with the rank order of their dams. There was also a significant relationship between a foal's rank and its total aggression or aggression rate per subordinate post-weaning. Higher ranking foals had higher rates of aggression. Over 80% of threats were directed down the dominance hierachy. The play-rank order of the foals, scored by the number of times foal left a play bout, was not significantly correlated with the rank order as scored by agonistic interactions. -from Authors |
Address |
Dept Anatomy and Radiology, Univ of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA |
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ISSN |
01681591 (Issn) |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
790 |
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Author |
Connor, R.J.; Kawaoka, Y.; Webster, R.G.; Paulson, J.C. |
Title |
Receptor specificity in human, avian, and equine H2 and H3 influenza virus isolates |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Virology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Virology |
Volume |
205 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
17-23 |
Keywords |
Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids/genetics; Animals; Carbohydrate Sequence; Chick Embryo; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics; Influenza A virus/*metabolism; Molecular Sequence Data; Receptors, Virus/*metabolism; Species Specificity; Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics |
Abstract |
The receptor specificity of 56 H2 and H3 influenza virus isolates from various animal species has been determined to test the relevance of receptor specificity to the ecology of influenza virus. The results show that the receptor specificity of both H2 and H3 isolates evaluated for sialic acid linkage specificity and inhibition of hemagglutination by horse serum correlates with the species of origin, as postulated earlier for H3 strains based on a limited survey of five human, three avian, and one equine strain. Elucidation of the amino acid sequence of several human H2 receptor variants and analysis of known sequences of H2 and H3 isolates revealed that receptor specificity varies in association with an amino acid change at residues 228 in addition to the change at residue 226 previously documented to affect receptor specificity of H3 but not H1 isolates. Residues 226 and 228 are leucine and serine in human isolates, which preferentially bind sialic acid alpha 2,6-galactose beta 1,4-N-acetyl glucosamine (SA alpha 2,6Gal), and glutamine and glycine in avian and equine isolates, which exhibit specificity for sialic acid alpha-2,3-galactose beta-1,3-N-acetyl galactosamine (SA alpha 2,3Gal). The results demonstrate that the correlation of receptor specificity and species of origin is maintained across both H2 and H3 influenza virus serotypes and provide compelling evidence that influenza virus hosts exert selective pressure to maintain the receptor specificity characteristics of strains isolated from that species. |
Address |
Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA School of Medicine 90024-1737 |
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English |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0042-6822 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:7975212 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2662 |
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Author |
Clayton, H.M. |
Title |
Comparison of the stride kinematics of the collected, working, medium and extended trot in horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
Volume |
26 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
230-234 |
Keywords |
Analysis of Variance; Animals; Biomechanics; Female; Forelimb/anatomy & histology/physiology; Gait/*physiology; Hindlimb/anatomy & histology/physiology; Horses/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Locomotion/physiology; Male; Motion Pictures |
Abstract |
Highly-trained dressage horses were studied to test the hypothesis that stride length is altered independently of stride duration in the transitions between the collected, working, medium and extended trot. Six well-trained dressage horses were filmed at a frame rate of 150 frames/s performing the collected, working, medium and extended trots in a sand arena. Temporal, linear and angular data were extracted from the films, with 4 strides being analysed for each horse and gait type. There were no significant asymmetries between the left and rights limbs or diagonals when data from the whole group were pooled, but 3 horses showed asymmetries in one or more variables (P < 0.01). Analysis of variance and post-hoc tests indicated that the speed increased significantly (P < 0.01) from the collected (3.20 m/s) to the working (3.61 m/s) to the medium (4.47 m/s) to the extended (4.93 m/s) trot. The increases in speed were associated with a significant increase in stride length from 250 cm in the collected trot, to 273 cm in the working trot, 326 cm in the medium trot and 355 cm in the extended trot (P < 0.01). The lengthening of the stride was a result of increases between each gait type in the over-reach distance, whereas the diagonal distance was significantly longer in the extended than the collected trot only (P < 0.01). The stride duration tended to decrease as speed increased, and the difference became significant between the collected and extended trots (P < 0.01). |
Address |
Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Series Editor |
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Series Volume |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0425-1644 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:8542844 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3746 |
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Author |
Dierenfeld, E.S. |
Title |
Vitamin E in exotics: effects, evaluation and ecology |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
The Journal of Nutrition |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Nutr |
Volume |
124 |
Issue |
12 Suppl |
Pages |
2579s-2581s |
Keywords |
Animal Feed/*analysis; Animals; Animals, Zoo/blood/*metabolism; Antelopes/blood/metabolism; Birds/blood/metabolism; Deer/blood/metabolism; Elephants/blood/metabolism; Equidae/blood/metabolism; Perissodactyla/blood/metabolism; Vitamin E/*administration & dosage/analysis/blood; Vitamin E Deficiency/pathology/physiopathology/veterinary |
Abstract |
The pathophysiology and lesions associated with vitamin E deficiency are similar between domestic and exotic species, and circulating plasma concentrations are also similar between comparable groups. However, many ecological variables must be considered for the most relevant comparisons. Tissue values of vitamin E, apart from plasma, are unknown for most exotics. Dietary vitamin E requirements of exotic species and domestics appear to differ; based on natural foodstuff analyses and clinical observations, between 50 and 200 mg vitamin E/kg DM are necessary to prevent vitamin E deficiency, 5- to 10-fold higher than current livestock recommendations. |
Address |
Department of Nutrition, Wildlife Health Center, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460 |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0022-3166 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:7996243 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2661 |
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Author |
Zeeb, K. |
Title |
[Possibilities for the all-year free-range raising of horses] |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
DTW. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift |
Abbreviated Journal |
Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr |
Volume |
101 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
122-123 |
Keywords |
Animal Feed; *Animal Husbandry; Animal Welfare; Animals; Germany; Horses/*physiology; Housing, Animal; Seasons; Weather |
Abstract |
The ethological concept concerning supply of needs an avoidance of damage is mentioned as a possibility for the evaluation of welfare aspects related to animal management. The 250 Dulmen horses kept on 300 ha by the Duke of Croy show what must be provided for horse-keeping in a semi-natural environment: Sufficient food and water, efficient shelter as well as adequate structures for the needs of horses concerning social and comfort behaviour. A catalogue of factors, functions and facilities for this kind of horse-keeping is presented. |
Address |
Tierhygienischen Institut, Freiburg, Breisgau |
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German |
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Original Title |
Moglichkeiten der ganzjahrigen Freilandhaltung von Pferden |
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ISSN |
0341-6593 |
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Notes |
PMID:8205954 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
1941 |
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Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Sherburne, L.M. |
Title |
Transfer of value from S+ to S- in a simultaneous discrimination |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
20 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
176-183 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Motivation; Orientation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; *Problem Solving; *Reinforcement Schedule; *Transfer (Psychology) |
Abstract |
Value transfer theory has been proposed to account for transitive inference effects (L. V. Fersen, C. D. L. Wynne, J. D. Delius, & J. E. R. Staddon, 1991), in which following training on 4 simultaneous discriminations (A+B-, B+C-, C+D-, D+E-) pigeons show a preference for B over D. According to this theory, some of the value of reinforcement acquired by each S+ transfers to the S-. In the transitive inference experiment, C (associated with both reward and nonreward) can transfer less value to D than A (associated only with reward) can transfer to B. Support for value transfer theory was demonstrated in 2 experiments in which an S- presented in the context of a stimulus to which responses were always reinforced (S+) was preferred over an S- presented in the context of a stimulus to which responses were sometimes reinforced (S +/-). |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506 |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0097-7403 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:8189186 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
258 |
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Author |
Heyes, C.M. |
Title |
Social learning in animals: categories and mechanisms |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biol. Rev. |
Volume |
69 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
207-231 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Conditioning (Psychology); *Learning; Reinforcement (Psychology); *Social Behavior |
Abstract |
There has been relatively little research on the psychological mechanisms of social learning. This may be due, in part, to the practice of distinguishing categories of social learning in relation to ill-defined mechanisms (Davis, 1973; Galef, 1988). This practice both makes it difficult to identify empirically examples of different types of social learning, and gives the false impression that the mechanisms responsible for social learning are clearly understood. It has been proposed that social learning phenomena be subsumed within the categorization scheme currently used by investigators of asocial learning. This scheme distinguishes categories of learning according to observable conditions, namely, the type of experience that gives rise to a change in an animal (single stimulus vs. stimulus-stimulus relationship vs. response-reinforcer relationship), and the type of behaviour in which this change is detected (response evocation vs. learnability) (Rescorla, 1988). Specifically, three alignments have been proposed: (i) stimulus enhancement with single stimulus learning, (ii) observational conditioning with stimulus-stimulus learning, or Pavlovian conditioning, and (iii) observational learning with response-reinforcer learning, or instrumental conditioning. If, as the proposed alignments suggest, the conditions of social and asocial learning are the same, there is some reason to believe that the mechanisms underlying the two sets of phenomena are also the same. This is so if one makes the relatively uncontroversial assumption that phenomena which occur under similar conditions tend to be controlled by similar mechanisms. However, the proposed alignments are intended to be a set of hypotheses, rather than conclusions, about the mechanisms of social learning; as a basis for further research in which animal learning theory is applied to social learning. A concerted attempt to apply animal learning theory to social learning, to find out whether the same mechanisms are responsible for social and asocial learning, could lead both to refinements of the general theory, and to a better understanding of the mechanisms of social learning. There are precedents for these positive developments in research applying animal learning theory to food aversion learning (e.g. Domjan, 1983; Rozin & Schull, 1988) and imprinting (e.g. Bolhuis, de Vox & Kruit, 1990; Hollis, ten Cate & Bateson, 1991). Like social learning, these phenomena almost certainly play distinctive roles in the antogeny of adaptive behaviour, and they are customarily regarded as 'special kinds' of learning (Shettleworth, 1993).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University College London |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1464-7931 |
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Notes |
PMID:8054445 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
708 |
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