| Records |
| Author |
Minton, J.E. |
| Title |
Function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system in models of acute stress in domestic farm animals |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume |
72 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
1891-1898 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2942 |
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| Author |
Walter, G.; Reisner, A. |
| Title |
Student opinion formation on animal agriculture issues |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume |
72 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1654-1658 |
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N1 - |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2935 |
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| Author |
Gonyou, H.W. |
| Title |
Why the study of animal behavior is associated with the animal welfare issue |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume |
72 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
2171-2177 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2931 |
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| Author |
Heyes CM |
| Title |
Reflections on self-recognition in primates |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
47 |
Issue |
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Pages |
909 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3005 |
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| Author |
Sugiyama Y |
| Title |
Tool use by wild chimpanzees |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
376 |
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327 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3041 |
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| Author |
Premack D; Premack AJ |
| Title |
Levels of causal understanding in chimpanzees and children |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Cognition |
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| Volume |
50 |
Issue |
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347 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3072 |
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| Author |
Bekoff, M. |
| Title |
Cognitive Ethology and the Treatment of Non-Human Animals: How Mati'ers of Mind Inform Mati'ers of Welfare |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Animal Welfare |
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3 |
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Pages |
75-96 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
3457 |
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Andrews, F.M.; Ralston, S.L.; Sommardahl, C.S.; Maykuth, P.L.; Green, E.M.; White, S.L.; Williamson, L.H.; Holmes, C.A.; Geiser, D.R. |
| Title |
Weight, water, and cation losses in horses competing in a three-day event |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Am Vet Med Assoc |
| Volume |
205 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
721-724 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Body Water/*metabolism; Body Weight/*physiology; Exertion/*physiology; Female; Horses/blood/*metabolism; Male; Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology; Physical Endurance/physiology; Potassium/*blood; Sodium/*blood |
| Abstract |
Body weight of 48 horses competing in a 3-day event was measured the day before the event (baseline), following the dressage phase of the event (day 1), after the endurance phases of the event (day 2), and 18 to 24 hours after the endurance phases (day 3). Plasma sodium and potassium concentrations were measured the evening before, immediately after, and 10 minutes after the endurance phases. Total body water, water loss, and net exchangeable cation loss were then calculated. Body weight and total body water were significantly decreased, compared with baseline values, at all times during the event, and significant water loss was detected. The largest changes were recorded after the endurance phases of the event. Water deficits were still detected 18 to 24 hours after the endurance phases of the event. Mean plasma sodium concentration was significantly increased immediately after the endurance phases of the event, compared with concentration measured the evening before, and remained increased after the 10-minute recovery period, presumably because of dehydration. Mean plasma potassium concentration was significantly increased immediately after the endurance phases of the event, compared with concentration measured the evening before, but was not increased after the 10-minute recovery period. |
| Address |
Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37901-1071 |
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English |
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0003-1488 |
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| Notes |
PMID:7989242 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3745 |
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| Author |
Clayton, H.M. |
| Title |
Comparison of the stride kinematics of the collected, working, medium and extended trot in horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
| Volume |
26 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
230-234 |
| Keywords |
Analysis of Variance; Animals; Biomechanics; Female; Forelimb/anatomy & histology/physiology; Gait/*physiology; Hindlimb/anatomy & histology/physiology; Horses/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Locomotion/physiology; Male; Motion Pictures |
| Abstract |
Highly-trained dressage horses were studied to test the hypothesis that stride length is altered independently of stride duration in the transitions between the collected, working, medium and extended trot. Six well-trained dressage horses were filmed at a frame rate of 150 frames/s performing the collected, working, medium and extended trots in a sand arena. Temporal, linear and angular data were extracted from the films, with 4 strides being analysed for each horse and gait type. There were no significant asymmetries between the left and rights limbs or diagonals when data from the whole group were pooled, but 3 horses showed asymmetries in one or more variables (P < 0.01). Analysis of variance and post-hoc tests indicated that the speed increased significantly (P < 0.01) from the collected (3.20 m/s) to the working (3.61 m/s) to the medium (4.47 m/s) to the extended (4.93 m/s) trot. The increases in speed were associated with a significant increase in stride length from 250 cm in the collected trot, to 273 cm in the working trot, 326 cm in the medium trot and 355 cm in the extended trot (P < 0.01). The lengthening of the stride was a result of increases between each gait type in the over-reach distance, whereas the diagonal distance was significantly longer in the extended than the collected trot only (P < 0.01). The stride duration tended to decrease as speed increased, and the difference became significant between the collected and extended trots (P < 0.01). |
| Address |
Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada |
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English |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:8542844 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3746 |
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| Author |
Atock, M.A.; Williams, R.B. |
| Title |
Welfare of competition horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Rev Sci Tech |
| Volume |
13 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
217-232 |
| Keywords |
*Animal Welfare; Animals; Doping in Sports; Ethics; Heat; Horses/*physiology; Housing, Animal/standards; Humidity; International Cooperation; Sports/*standards; Transportation/standards; Veterinary Medicine |
| Abstract |
In the large majority of cases and circumstances, horses benefit from their association with man. However, abuse of horses can occur, due to neglect or through the pressures of competition. The welfare of all animals, including competition horses, has become increasingly topical over the past ten years. Equestrian sport is coming under closer public scrutiny due to reports of apparent abuse. The bodies responsible for regulating these sports strenuously endeavour to protect the welfare of horses which compete under their rules and regulations. The Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI: International Equestrian Federation) is the sole authority for all international events in dressage, show-jumping, three-day event, driving, endurance riding and vaulting. The FEI rules illustrate the ways in which the welfare of competing horses is safeguarded. |
| Address |
Federation Equestre Internationale, Lausanne, Switzerland |
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English |
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0253-1933 |
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PMID:8173097 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3747 |
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