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Author |
Barton, R.A. |
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Title  |
Sociospatial mechanisms of feeding competition in female olive baboons, Papio anubis |
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Year |
1993 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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46 |
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4 |
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791-802 |
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Abstract. Social and spatial mechanisms of feeding competition among adult female olive baboons were studied in two free-ranging groups, one foraging for natural foods, and one that was being provisioned. Similar behavioural processes were found to underlie rank-related differences in food intake in the two situations. Dominance rank of females in the naturally foraging group was positively correlated with the rate at which other animals were supplanted from feeding sites, the ratio of supplants of others to supplants received, and the number of near neighbours while feeding on clumped foods. It is unlikely that the latter result was due to rank-related differences in matriline size, because no significant correlations between rank and neighbour density were found for non-feeding activities. Step-wise regression analysis indicated that both number of neighbours and the supplant ratio explained significant proportions of inter-individual variance in daily food intake, though only the supplant ratio contributed significantly to feeding rate. High-ranking females also had priority of access to feeding sites within trees, and competition was most intense for foods that were spatially clumped. Similarly, in the provisioned group, rank was correlated with the rate at which supplants were received, and with spatial indices estimating centrality and the area of unoccupied space around an individual. Over 99% of the inter-individual variance in feeding rate was explained in a step-wise regression with supplant rates and spatial indices as independent variables. It is concluded that both active supplanting and individuals' spatial positions within the group mediate rank-related differences in food intake. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4259 |
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Author |
Chalmeau, R.; Gallo, A. |
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Title |
Social constraints determine what is learned in the chimpanzee |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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28 |
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3 |
Pages |
173-179 |
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Operant conditioning; Social influence; Individual strategy; Chimpanzee |
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A group of six chimpanzees was placed in a social learning situation, without training. The learning task was an operant conditioning situation; that is, a subject had to pull two handles simultaneously to cause a piece of fruit to fall into the cage. Only three individuals acquired the operant behaviour. For the operant individuals, social influences on the expression of the learning task were then examined; the dominant chimpanzee during feeding had an inhibiting effect when close to the operant subjects. Depending on the subject, social factors may influence not only the specific expression of what is learnt, but also the nature of what is learnt. Chimpanzees appear to experience situations differently: they develop an individual problem-solving strategy according to their social relationships even if the experimental procedure is the same for all. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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569 |
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Pickerel, T.M.; Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Caudle, A.B.; Estep, D.Q. |
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Title |
Sexual preference of mares (Equus caballus) for individual stallions |
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Journal Article |
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1993 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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38 |
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1 |
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1-13 |
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Horse; Sexual behavior; Sexual preference; Vocalization |
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Eight mares were tested to determine if they remained near one of two stallions longer than would be expected if association was random. Six stallions were paired in 30 combinations and each mare was tested 30 times. The mares (Equus caballus) demonstrated a definite preference for individual stallions throughout the breeding season. This preference was influenced by the estrous state of the mare. During estrus, mares' preferences for stallions were positively correlated with the rate at which a given stallion vocalized. During diestrus, mares spent significantly less time in the proximity of stallions and did not exhibit any preference for individual stallions. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2270 |
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Author |
Povinelli DJ; Rulf AB; Landau KR; Bierschwale DT |
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Title |
Self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): distribution, ontogeny, and patterns of emergence |
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1993 |
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J. Comp. Psychol. |
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107 |
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347 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3033 |
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Author |
McClure, S.R.; Chaffin, M.K. |
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Title |
Self-mutilative behavior in horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
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Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Am Vet Med Assoc |
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202 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
179-180 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Horse Diseases; Horses; Male; *Self Mutilation |
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0003-1488 |
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PMID:8428817 |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
1944 |
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Goldschmidt, T.; Bakker, T.C.M.; Feuth-de Bruijn, E. |
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Title |
Selective copying in mate choice of female sticklebacks |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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45 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
541-547 |
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There is evidence that female three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus L., prefer to mate with males whose nests contain eggs rather than with males with empty nests. While there is consensus on this point, a dispute exists about whether this preference should be attributed to a direct effect of the eggs on the female's entering the nest or, alternatively, to a positive impact of the eggs on the courtship behaviour and breeding coloration of the male. In the field experiment reported here females strongly preferred nests with eggs over empty nests. Additionally, females were less likely to enter risky nests with eggs: nests that contained fewer eggs than one average clutch or more eggs than the average nest content of parental males in this population. However, in the field possible differences in male attractiveness were not controlled for. In supplementary laboratory experiments the effect on female choice of possible changes in male attractiveness (intensified courtship and coloration) as a result of the presence of eggs in the nest was tested. Other differences in male attractiveness as a result of differences in male quality (body size, breeding coloration before the test, territory quality and size) were controlled for. When females had no access to the nests, they showed no preference for males with eggs in their nests in simultaneous choice tests. These results, together with the earlier published data, make it likely that the preference of females for nests with eggs is partly a direct consequence of the eggs themselves. So female sticklebacks are influenced by the mate choice behaviour of other females, but remain selective as to the actual nest content. |
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1818 |
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Author |
SYLVAIN GAGNON,FRANCOISY. DORE |
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Title |
Search behavior of dogs (Canis familiaris) in invisible displacement problems |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Animal Learning & Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim Learn. & Behav. |
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21 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
246-254 |
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Abstract |
Gagnon and Dor (1992) showed that domestic dogs are able to solve a Piagetian object permanence
task called the invisible displacement problem. A toy is hidden in a container which is
moved behind a screen where the toy is removed and left. Dogs make more errors in these problems
than they do in visible displacement tests, in which the object is hidden directly behind
the target screen. In Experiment 1, we examinedcomponents ofthe standard procedure of invisible
displacements that may make encoding or retention of the hiding location more difficult than
it is in visible displacements. In Experiment 2, we compared dogs performances in visible and
invisible displacement problems when delays of 0, 10, and 20 sec were introduced between the
objects final disappearance and the subjects release. The results revealed that dogs poorer performance
in invisible displacement tests is related to the complex sequence of events that have
to be encoded or remembered as well as to a difficulty in representing the position change that
is signaled, but not directly perceived. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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538 |
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Author |
McCall, C.A.; Salters, M.A.; Simpson, S.M. |
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Title |
Relationship between number of conditioning trials per training session and avoidance learning in horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
36 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
291-299 |
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Keywords |
Horse; Learning; Avoidance conditioning |
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Sixteen horses were used to determine if number of trials given per training session (5, 10, 15 or 20) affected learning performance in an avoidance conditioning task. The horse had to move from one side of a test pen to the other during an auditory cue presentation to avoid aversive stimulation. A pen 8 mx3.6 m, divided into two equal sections by a 13-cm diameter plastic pipe lying on the ground, was used as the test pen. Painted plywood panels were fastened to the fence in half the pen to help horses distinguish visually between the two parts. A 10-s auditory cue was used as a signal for horses to move from one side of the test pen to the other. A 20-s intertrial interval was used. Training sessions were conducted every third day. Each trial was recorded as an avoidance (the horse completed the task during auditory cue presentation and avoided aversive stimulus) or an error (the horse received aversive stimulus). After completing ten consecutive avoidances (criterion), the horse was removed from the study. Numbers of training sessions, trials, avoidances and errors until reaching criterion were recorded for each horse. Horses varied greatly within these variables with ranges of 3-18 sessions, 37-121 trials, 20-68 avoidances and 17-53 errors to criterion. No differences were detected (P>0.05) in the number of conditioning trials per training session (treatment) for the mean number of trials, avoidances or errors to criterion. Number of training sessions to criterion differed (P<0.01) among treatments, indicating that an optimum number of learning trials per training session might exist. Mean sessions to criterion for horses receiving 5, 10, 15 and 20 trials per session were 15.1+/-1.3, 5.8+/-1.1, 5.3+/-1.1 and 4.6+/-1.1, respectively. Regression analysis indicated that 16.2 trials per training session would minimize number of sessions to criterion. Although it is widely assumed that learning efficiency in horses is decreased when intense activity is concentrated into a small number of sessions, these results indicate that moderate repetition of training activities is needed for efficient learning. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3686 |
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Author |
Ratzlaff, M.H.; Wilson, P.D.; Hyde, M.L.; Balch, O.K.; Grant, B.D. |
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Title |
Relationship between locomotor forces, hoof position and joint motion during the support phase of the stride of galloping horses |
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Journal Article |
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1993 |
Publication |
Acta Anatomica |
Abbreviated Journal |
Acta Anat (Basel) |
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146 |
Issue |
2-3 |
Pages |
200-204 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Equipment Design; Hoof and Claw/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; Joints/*physiology; *Locomotion; Motor Activity/*physiology; Physiology/instrumentation; *Posture; Shoes; Transducers |
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Three methods were used simultaneously to determine the relationships between the vertical forces exerted on the hooves and the positions of the limbs and hooves at the times of peak vertical forces from 2 horses galloping on a track straightaway. Vertical forces were recorded from an instrumented shoe, fetlock joint motion was measured with an electrogoniometer and the angles of the carpus, fetlock and hoof were determined from slow-motion films. At hoof contact, the mean angles of the carpus and fetlock were 181-182 degrees and 199-206 degrees, respectively. Peak vertical forces on the heel occurred at or near maximum extension of the carpal and fetlock joints. Peak forces on the toe occurred during flexion of the fetlock joint and at mean hoof angles of 28-31 degrees from the horizontal. The mean angles of the hoof from the horizontal at the time of heel contact were 6-7 degrees. Hoof lift occurred at mean carpal angles of 173-174 degrees and mean fetlock angles of 199-200 degrees. |
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Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6520 |
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0001-5180 |
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PMID:8470468 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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1945 |
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Author |
Povinelli DJ |
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Title |
Reconstructing the evolution of mind |
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1993 |
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Am. Psychol. |
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48(5) |
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493 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3027 |
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