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Author (up) SYLVAIN GAGNON,FRANCOISY. DORE
Title Search behavior of dogs (Canis familiaris) in invisible displacement problems Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication Animal Learning & Behavior Abbreviated Journal Anim Learn. & Behav.
Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages 246-254
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Abstract Gagnon and Dor (1992) showed that domestic dogs are able to solve a Piagetian object permanence

task called the invisible displacement problem. A toy is hidden in a container which is

moved behind a screen where the toy is removed and left. Dogs make more errors in these problems

than they do in visible displacement tests, in which the object is hidden directly behind

the target screen. In Experiment 1, we examinedcomponents ofthe standard procedure of invisible

displacements that may make encoding or retention of the hiding location more difficult than

it is in visible displacements. In Experiment 2, we compared dogs performances in visible and

invisible displacement problems when delays of 0, 10, and 20 sec were introduced between the

objects final disappearance and the subjects release. The results revealed that dogs poorer performance

in invisible displacement tests is related to the complex sequence of events that have

to be encoded or remembered as well as to a difficulty in representing the position change that

is signaled, but not directly perceived.
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 538
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Author (up) Timberlake, W.
Title Animal Behavior: A Continuing Synthesis Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication Annual Review of Psychology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 675-706
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3537
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Author (up) Todd, I.A.; Kacelnik, A.
Title Psychological mechanisms and the Marginal Value Theorem: dynamics of scalar memory for travel time Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 46 Issue 4 Pages 765-775
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Abstract Abstract. The relation between memory for travel time and foraging decisions was studied experimentally. The temporal properties of two environments with patchily distributed food were simulated in the laboratory using pigeons, Columba livia, as subjects. The two environments differed in mean travel time, while the coefficient of variation of travel time and the decelerated function relating cumulative food gain to time in the patch were held constant within and between environments. Each environment contained a uniform mixture of five travel times experienced in a random order. Two of the five travel times were common in both environments. Effects of travel time were studied by comparing prey collected per patch visit (PPV) after various travel times within each environment, and by comparing patch exploitation after equal travel times between environments. Within the environment with long mean travel time (LMT) PPV was positively correlated with the last and the penultimate travel times but not with travel times before that. The increase in PPV per second of last travel time was six times greater than the increase per second of penultimate travel time, implying very steep memory discounting. In the environment with short mean travel time (SMT), there was no correlation between PPV and previous travel times. However, comparisons between environments of visits following travel times common to both environments (thus removing the effect of the last travel time) showed that substantially more prey were taken after equal travel times in the LMT than in the SMT environment. This difference cannot be accounted for by the within-environment effect of penultimate travel time, implying that there is a different, less steeply devalued, effect of the mixture of travel times. A model of information processing based on combining Scalar Expectancy Theory with the predictions of rate maximization under the Marginal Value Theorem is presented. The model can approximate the results obtained in this and previous experiments and provides a framework for further analysis of memory mechanisms of foraging behaviour.
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Call Number Serial 2111
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Author (up) Tomasello M; Savage-Rumbaugh S; Kruger AC
Title Imitative learning of actions on objects by children, chimpanzees, and enculturated chimpanzees Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication Child Dev. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 64 Issue Pages 1688
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3044
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Author (up) Veissier, I.
Title Observational learning in cattle Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 35 Issue 3 Pages 235-243
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Abstract Four experiments were designed to find evidence of observational learning in cattle. The experiments were run on ten experimental heifers, each observing a demonstrator mate performing a task, and on ten control heifers, each observing a non-demonstrator mate. The mates and observers were separated by wire netting in Experiments 1-3, but were in the same room in Experiment 4. The task to be learned was to push a panel to get food into a box. All naive animals were able to observe while their mate performed the task. The observers in Experiments 1 and 4 were Salers heifers that had no prior experience of the testing room; those in Experiment 2 were Salers heifers that were accustomed to the room; those in Experiment 3 were Aubrac or Limousin heifers that had already eaten in the room.

The behaviour of the observers was influenced by their mates: activity at or near the boxes was enhanced by the presence of demonstrators in Experiment 2 (box contacts: 38.0 +/- 16.2 vs. 22.1 +/- 11.9 for experimental and control heifers, respectively; P<0.05), while activity in other parts of the room in Experiment 3 was enhanced when non-demonstrator mates were present (wall sniffing: 5.4 +/- 13.9 vs. 13.9 +/- 13.7; P<0.05). Overall, 26 experimental heifers vs. 19 controls learned the task (P>0.05). The time spent eating was longer when the observer only had visual contact with a demonstrator (Experiment 1: 15.9 +/- 1.6 vs. 11.6 +/- 1.8 min), but was lower when physical contacts with the demonstrator were possible (Experiment 4: 4.6 +/- 8.8 vs. 5.4 +/- 2.2 min; P<0.05).

Ten out of the 11 Limousin heifers learned the task, compared with only three out of the nine Aubrac heifers (P<0.05). The latter spent more time near the door and sniffed the walls more often than the former (2.0 +/- 1.9 vs. 0.4 +/- 0.6 min, P<0.05, and 18.1 +/- 13.4 vs. 2.7 +/- 6.5 min, P<0.01), as though they were trying to flee the situation.

When animals observed a demonstrator, their attention was drawn to stimuli involved in the task but acquisition of knowledge was not greatly improved.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour Team @ birgit.flauger @ Serial 4325
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