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Anderson, J.R.; Fornasieri, I.; Ludes, E.; Roeder, J.-J. |
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Title |
Social processes and innovative behaviour in changing groups of lemur fulvus |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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27 |
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2 |
Pages |
101-112 |
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Social learning; Lemur fulvus; Dominance; Individual differences |
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A group of brown lemurs was presented with one or two baited food-boxes requiring a specific type of motor response in order to be opened. Subsequently, four groups containing different combinations of experienced individuals from the original group and naive individuals were tested. Solutions to the problem and access to the food were recorded and considered in relation to social factors. In the original group, two adult males learned to open the boxes, with one male increasingly preventing the other from approaching. In the second group, with the subordinate male and certain females removed, the dominant male tolerated successful performances by a juvenile female. Group 3 consisted of three passive female participants from the original group and a naive female; one of the three original females now became the sole box-opener. The introduction of the subordinate male from the original group into the all-female group led to a sharing of box-opening by this subject and the skilled female. In the final group, intense aggression toward the skilled female by a new, naive adult male resulted in two previously passive females succeeding on some occasions. In lemurs, at least some `scroungers' appear able to learn to perform a new act when the social context permits. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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576 |
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Aureli, F.; Cossolino, R.; Cordischi, C.; Scucchi, S. |
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Title |
Kin-oriented redirection among Japanese macaques: an expression of a revenge system? |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
44 |
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2 |
Pages |
283-291 |
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The ability to recognize the close associates of other group members may permit the display of redirected aggression against the relatives of the former aggressor. However, the dominance structure and the kin-based alliance system of macaque society are expected not to favour the occurrence of this kin-oriented redirection. Nevertheless, within 1 h of being the victim of an attack, Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata, were more likely to attack the former aggressor's kin than without such a conflict. The conditions under which the victim redirected against the former aggressor's kin were investigated. This kin-oriented redirection did not occur preferentially either after conflicts between individuals with unstable and/or uncertain dominance relationships or after conflicts with individuals that were unlikely to intervene in favour of their kin. Victims redirected against individuals that were younger than the former aggressor and often subordinate to the victim. They also redirected in an opportunistic way by joining polyadic interactions against the former aggressor's kin. The possibility that this kin-oriented redirection may have a long-term function in changing the aggressive attitude of the aggressor towards the victim is also discussed. In addition, the victim's kin also displayed a form of kin-oriented redirection. They were more likely to attack the kin of an individual after it had attacked their own kin. |
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10.1016/0003-3472(92)90034-7 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4867 |
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Bazovska, S.; Awad-Masalmeh, M.; Kmety, E.; Spalekova, M. |
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Title |
[Legionella antibodies in domestic animals] |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
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Ceskoslovenska Epidemiologie, Mikrobiologie, Imunologie |
Abbreviated Journal |
Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol |
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41 |
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5 |
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268-273 |
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Agglutination Tests/veterinary; Animals; Animals, Domestic/*immunology/microbiology; Antibodies, Bacterial/*analysis; Cattle/immunology; Horses/immunology; Legionella/*immunology; Legionella pneumophila/immunology; Rabbits/immunology; Sheep/immunology; Swine/immunology |
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Serological examination of 420 domestic animals for the presence of antilegionella antibodies indicates their high exposure to legionellae. On examination by the microagglutination reaction with a serum dilution of 1:64 or more the highest positive values were recorded in horses which reacted with antigens of L. pneumophila 1-14 in 36.2% and with antigens of another 19 types of legionellae in 47.8%. In pigs positive values recorded in 16.2% and in 21.1%; in cattle in 3.8% and 29.5%, in sheep in 7.5% and 11.3% and laboratory rabbits were quite negative. The importance of these findings with regard to the possible role of animals in the ecology of legionellae is obscure. |
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Ustav epidemiologie Lekarskej fakulty UK v Bratislave |
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Slovak |
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Protilatky proti legionelam u domacich zvierat |
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0009-0522 |
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PMID:1464079 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2669 |
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Boyd, R.; Richerson, P.J. |
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Title |
Punishment allows the evolution of cooperation (or anything else) in sizable groups |
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Year |
1992 |
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Ethol. Sociobiol. |
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13 |
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171-195 |
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Existing models suggest that reciprocity is unlikely to evolve in large groups as a result of natural selection. In these models, reciprocators punish noncooperation by with-holding future cooperation, and thus also penalize other cooperators in the group. Here, we analyze a model in which the response is some form of punishment that is directed solely at noncooperators. We refer to such alternative forms of punishment as retribution. We show that cooperation enforced by retribution can lead to the evolution of cooperation in two qualitatively different ways. (1) If benefits of cooperation to an individual are greater than the costs to a single individual of coercing the other n − 1 individuals to cooperate, then strategies which cooperate and punish noncooperators, strategies which cooperate only if punished, and, sometimes, strategies which cooperate but do not punish will coexist in the long run. (2) If the costs of being punished are large enough, moralistic strategies which cooperate, punish noncooperators, and punish those who do not punish noncooperators can be evolutionarily stable. We also show, however, that moralistic strategies can cause any individually costly behavior to be evolutionarily stable, whether or not it creates a group benefit. |
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10.1016/0162-3095(92)90032-Y |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4913 |
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Author |
Brunner, D.; Kacelnik, A.; Gibbon, J. |
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Title |
Optimal foraging and timing processes in the starling, Sturnus vulgaris: effect of inter-capture interval |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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44 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
597-613 |
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Laboratory experiments with starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, were conducted to investigate the interaction between timing and cost-benefit considerations. The design simulated an environment in which food was distributed in patches. Patches contained a random number of food items (N=0-4) separated by a fixed inter-capture interval or fixed interval. All patches ended with sudden depletion. The time elapsed since the last prey capture was the only way to detect the depletion of the patch. Once the patch was depleted a new patch could be reached by travelling between two perches. Three measures of timing were taken: (1) rate of working for food as function of `waiting' time in a patch, (2) the time of the last response in a patch or `giving-in' time, and (3) the time at which travel was initiated or `moving-on' time. The fixed interval that characterized patches was varied between conditions. The mean time of the peak in working rate was consistently centred around the fixed interval, while the other two measures of timing kept a roughly linear relation to the fixed interval, with slope greater than one. In accordance with Scalar Expectancy Theory, variability in the three forms of timing was proportional to the magnitude of the fixed interval. The birds seemed to take account of this increase in variability as shown by the mean value of their giving-up criterion. These results imply that information-processing constraints are important for modelling behavioural optimality. |
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2112 |
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Author |
Caraco, T.; Kacelnik, A.; Mesnick, N.; Smulewitz, M. |
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Title |
Short-term rate maximization when rewards and delays covary |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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44 |
Issue |
Part 3 |
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441-447 |
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In nature foragers must exploit resources that vary randomly in both the energy acquired per item (reward) and the time required to pursue, capture and process an item (delay). Furthermore, rewards and delays associated with particular resources may often covary significantly. An analytical model asks how variance-covariance levels for rewards and delays could influence choice of resources when lack of information or cognitive limitation implies that a consumer attempts to maximize its short-term rate of energy gain. Both greater expected reward and reduced expected delay clearly should enhance preference for a resource. The model predicts that increased delay variance and reduced reward-delay covariance should increase a forager's preference for a resource. A forager should be risk-averse towards reward variance when the reward-delay covariance is positive, but should become risk-prone towards reward variance when the reward-delay covariance is negative. |
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2113 |
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Author |
Cheney DL; Seyfarth RM |
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Title |
Characterizing the mind of another species |
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1992 |
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Behav. Brain Sci. |
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15 |
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172 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2988 |
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Clark, M.L.; Ayers, M. |
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Friendship similarity during early adolescence: gender and racial patterns |
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1992 |
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The Journal of Psychology |
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J Psychol |
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126 |
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4 |
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393-405 |
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Achievement; Adolescent; African Americans/*psychology; *Cross-Cultural Comparison; Female; *Gender Identity; Humans; Individuality; *Interpersonal Relations; Male; *Personality Development; Personality Inventory; Sociometric Techniques |
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We studied the relationship of reciprocity, gender, and racial composition (Caucasian, African American, cross-race) of adolescent friendship dyads to similarity and proximity in 136 young adolescents. We found that adolescents selected friends who were of the same gender and race and that female dyads were more similar than male dyads on verbal achievement and several personality dimensions. Caucasian dyads were more similar than African American dyads on verbal achievement, mental alertness, and dominance. African American adolescents had more contact with their best friends outside school, whereas Caucasian adolescent friends had more in-school contact. African American students had fewer reciprocal relationships than the Caucasian students. Cross-race friendships were less reciprocal than same-race friendships. Race and gender were important in determining friendship patterns. Similarity and proximity were more important than reciprocity in understanding early adolescent friendships. |
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Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University |
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English |
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0022-3980 |
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PMID:1403972 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5628 |
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Author |
Connor, R. C.; Smokler, R. A.; Richards, A. F. |
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Title |
Dolphin alliances and coalitions |
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1992 |
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Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals |
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415-443 |
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Oxford University Press |
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Oxford |
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Harcourt, A.H.;de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5238 |
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Covalesky, M.E.; Russoniello, C.R.; Malinowski, K. |
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Effects of show-jumping performance stress on plasma cortisol and lactate concentrations and heart rate and behavior in horses |
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1992 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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12 |
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4 |
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244-251 |
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Summary Effects of show jumping competition on stress levels in horses was examined. Twenty-six homes were sampled in both show and farm environments from three levels of show experience schooling, (least experience, n=11); intermediate, (moderate experience, n=6); open, (most experience, n=9). Blood samples were taken at 6 time points; 3 at the horse show and 3 at the home farm (baseline at rest, pre-schooling and post-performance over a jump course). Stress responses were assessed through comparison of the behavioral response of the horses (determined by a subjective scoring system) to plasma cortisol (F) concentrations. Physical exertion was evaluated by heart rate (HR) and plasma lactate (L) concentrations. Schooling jumpers displayed higher baseline F concentrations than open jumpers (83g±9.2 vs 46.4±10.2 ng/ml, respectively; p<.05); but not when compared to intermediate jumpers (66.2 ± 13.7 ng/ml; p>.05) at the horse show. At the farm, there were no differences in F concentrations between experience levels at a time point (p<.05). Least experienced horses displayed higher F values at rest at the show compared to the home farm. At the show, open jumpers had higher L concentrations post-exercise compared to intermediate horses (40.3±3.4 vs 25.5±4.0 mg/dL, respectively; p<.05); but were not different compared to schooling jumpers (34.8±2.0 mg/dL; p>.05). There were no differences in heart rates or behavior score between experience levels at specific time points at either the show or farm (p>.05). Low positive correlations were found between HR and F (r=.24, p<.05); HR and L (r-.48, p<.05); and HR and behavior (r=.22, p<.05). Results suggest that conditioned jumpers that have previously been exposed to horse show environments do not appear stressed during acute show-jumping competition. |
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0737-0806 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5622 |
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