| Records |
Author  |
Shettleworth, S.J.; Plowright, C.M. |
| Title |
How pigeons estimate rates of prey encounter |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
18 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
219-235 |
| Keywords |
Analysis of Variance; Animals; *Appetitive Behavior; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Food Preferences/*psychology; Motivation; *Predatory Behavior; *Probability Learning; *Reinforcement Schedule; Social Environment |
| Abstract |
Pigeons were trained on operant schedules simulating successive encounters with prey items. When items were encountered on variable-interval schedules, birds were more likely to accept a poor item (long delay to food) the longer they had just searched, as if they were averaging prey density over a short memory window (Experiment 1). Responding as if the immediate future would be like the immediate past was reversed when a short search predicted a long search next time (Experiment 2). Experience with different degrees of environmental predictability appeared to change the length of the memory window (Experiment 3). The results may reflect linear waiting (Higa, Wynne, & Staddon, 1991), but they differ in some respects. The findings have implications for possible mechanisms of adjusting behavior to current reinforcement conditions. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0097-7403 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:1619391 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
382 |
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| Author |
Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. |
| Title |
Meaning and mind in monkeys |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Scientific American |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Am |
| Volume |
267 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
122-128 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; *Haplorhini; Male; Speech; *Vocalization, Animal |
| Abstract |
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| Address |
University of Pennsylvania |
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Thesis |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0036-8733 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:1439710 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
701 |
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| Author |
Schneider, K. |
| Title |
Emotionen |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Allgemeine Psychologie |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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| Keywords |
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| Abstract |
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| Address |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
Verlag Hans Huber |
Place of Publication |
Bern |
Editor |
Spada Hans |
| Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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| Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
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ISBN |
3456823029 |
Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5070 |
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| Author |
Schmidt, D. |
| Title |
Information Resources in Animal Behavior |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Science & Technology Libraries |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
12 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
69-83 |
| Keywords |
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| Abstract |
The study of animal behavior has been around for many years, but it is divided into several fields which often do not communicate well. These fields of study include (but are not limited to) comparative psychology, ethology, behavioral ecology, and sociobiology. Comparative psychology is more isolated than the other three fields, which share a common biological/evolutionary background. This paper gives a brief background of the four main fields of animal behavior research, along with a list of sources, both specialized and interdisciplinary. |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
Routledge |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0194-262x |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4725 |
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| Author |
Rubenstein, D. I.; Hack, M. A. |
| Title |
Horse signals: The sounds and scents of fury |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Evolutionary Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Evol. Ecol. |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
254-260 |
| Keywords |
ommunication – combat – fighting ability – individual identity – signals – information – assessment – displays |
| Abstract |
During contests animals typically exchange information about fighting ability. Among feral horses these signals involve olfactory or acoustical elements and each type can effectively terminate contests before physical contact becomes necessary. Dung transplant experiments show that for stallions, irrespective of rank, olfactory signals such as dung sniffing encode information about familiarity suggesting that such signals can be used as signatures. As such they can provide indirect information about fighting ability as long as opponents associate identity with past performance. Play-back experiments, however, show that vocalizations, such as squeals, directly provide information about status regardless of stallion familiarity. Sonographs reveal that squeals of dominants are longer than those of subordinates and that only those of dominants have at their onset high-frequency components. |
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| Notes |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
506 |
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| Author |
Romano, N.; Vitale, F.; Alesi, D.R.; Bonura, F.; La Licata, R.; Intonazzo, V.; Dardanoni, G.; Mammina, C. |
| Title |
The changing pattern of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in intravenous drug users. Results of a six-year seroprevalence study in Palermo, Italy |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
American Journal of Epidemiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Epidemiol |
| Volume |
135 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
1189-1196 |
| Keywords |
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*epidemiology; Adolescent; Adult; Chi-Square Distribution; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; HIV Antibodies/blood; HIV Infections/*epidemiology; HIV Seroprevalence/*trends; *Hiv-1; Hepatitis B Antibodies/blood; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/blood; Heroin; Humans; Incidence; Italy/epidemiology; Logistic Models; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*epidemiology; Time Factors |
| Abstract |
A cross-sectional seroepidemiologic study was carried out between 1985 and 1990 in 1,567 heterosexual intravenous drug users who had been seen at the AIDS Regional Reference Center in Palermo, Italy, to evaluate the rate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seroprevalence in this group and its long-term trend. Sixty serum samples collected from drug users in 1980 and 1983, before the founding of the Center (1985), were tested as well. Some demographic and behavioral risk factors were studied in a subgroup of intravenous drug users enrolled in 1985, 1987, and 1990 for their possible association with HIV-1. These factors were also studied in relation to hepatitis B virus infection, since both viruses share the same modes of spread. These drug users had a higher prevalence of markers for hepatitis B virus than of HIV-1 antibodies, and the prevalence rates in sera collected declined over time for both infections. The presence of both antibodies to HIV-1 and markers for hepatitis B virus was independently associated with the age of the drug user, the duration of drug use, and the year of serum collection. Antibodies to HIV-1 were observed more frequently in females than in males. No relation was found between education or employment status and the presence of HIV-1 antibodies or hepatitis B virus markers. Although new HIV-1 infections still occur, the decline in seroprevalence observed at the end of the 1980s might be related to modifications in social behavior among newer drug users, partial exhaustion of the susceptible population, and increasing risk awareness in more experienced users. |
| Address |
Giuseppe D'Alessandro Department of Hygiene and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, Italy |
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Thesis |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0002-9262 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Notes |
PMID:1626537 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5258 |
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| Author |
Reid, P.J.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
| Title |
Detection of cryptic prey: search image or search rate? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
18 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
273-286 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Appetitive Behavior; *Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; Food Preferences/psychology; *Imagination; *Mental Recall; *Predatory Behavior |
| Abstract |
Animals' improvement in capturing cryptic prey with experience has long been attributed to a perceptual mechanism, the specific search image. Detection could also be improved by adjusting rate of search. In a series of studies using both naturalistic and operant search tasks, pigeons searched for wheat, dyed to produce 1 conspicuous and 2 equally cryptic prey types. Contrary to the predictions of the search-rate hypothesis, pigeons given a choice between the 2 cryptic types took the type experienced most recently. However, experience with 1 cryptic type improved accuracy on the other cryptic type, a result inconsistent with a search image specific to 1 prey type. Search image may better be thought of as priming of attention to those features of the prey type that best distinguish the prey from the background. |
| Address |
University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
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| Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0097-7403 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:1619395 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
381 |
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| Author |
Reeve, H.K. |
| Title |
Queen activation of lazy workers in colonies of the eusocial naked mole-rat |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
358 |
Issue |
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Pages |
147-149 |
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| Notes |
10.1038/358147a0 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4921 |
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| Author |
Pruett-Jones, S. |
| Title |
Independent Versus Nonindependent Mate Choice: Do Females Copy Each Other? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
The American Naturalist |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am Nat |
| Volume |
140 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1000-1009 |
| Keywords |
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| Abstract |
There is increasing evidence from both observational and experimental studies that females may copy each other's mating decisions. Female copying can be defined as a type of nonindependent choice in which the probability that a female chooses a given male increases if other females have chosen that male and decreases if they have not. The important characteristic of copying behavior that separates it from other similar processes is that the change in the probability of choice is strictly because of the actions of other females and not the consequences of those actions (e.g., a male's behavior changing as a result of successful matings). A gametheory model suggests that the adaptive significance of female copying may depend primarily on the ratio of the costs to the benefits of active mate choice. Copying behavior, and more generally conspecific cueing, may be important in many behavioral processes beyond mate choice. |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2182 |
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| Author |
Poysa, Hannu |
| Title |
Group Foraging in Patchy Environments: The Importance of Coarse-Level Local Enhancement |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Ornis Scandinavica |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ornis[ Scand[ |
| Volume |
23 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
159-166 |
| Keywords |
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| Abstract |
Local enhancement is one way individuals may realize foraging advantages from grouping. A distinction between fine-level and coarse-level local enhancement is made, the latter often being neglected in theoretical research on group foraging. In the former case, an individual has a higher feeding rate as a member of a group because individuals copy other group members' foraging, whereas in the latter, groups simply attract other individuals to patches where food is particularly abundant and copying does not occur within the group. Coarse-level local enhancement may decrease the time needed to find profitable feeding patches in spatially and temporally variable environments. A review of the empirical literature indicated that coarse-level local enhancement is typical in bird species foraging in open habitats and in large groups with relatively little competition between group members whereas the opposite attributes fit the species for which fine-level local enhancement had been documented. Furthermore, species in which coarse-level local enhancement prevails usually forage in temporary groups. However, coarse-level and fine-level local enhancement are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but which one is more important in a particular case may be habitat-dependent. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4272 |
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