Records |
Author |
Krzak, W.E.; Gonyou, H.W.; Lawrence, L.M. |
Title |
Wood chewing by stabled horses: diurnal pattern and effects of exercise |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
Volume |
69 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
1053-1058 |
Keywords |
Animal Feed; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Circadian Rhythm; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male; *Mastication; *Physical Conditioning, Animal; Sodium Chloride/administration & dosage; Videotape Recording; Wood |
Abstract |
Nine yearling horses, stabled in individual stalls, were used in a trial to determine the diurnal pattern of wood chewing and the effects of exercise on this behavior. The trial was a Latin square design conducted over three 2-wk periods during which each horse was exposed to each of the three following treatments: 1) no exercise (NE), 2) exercise after the morning feeding (AM), and 3) exercise in the afternoon (PM). Horses were fed a complete pelleted feed in the morning and both pelleted feed and long-stemmed hay in the afternoon. Exercise consisted of 45 min on a mechanical walker followed by 45 min in a paddock with bare soil. Each stall was equipped with two untreated spruce boards during each period for wood chewing. Wood chewing was evaluated by videotaping each horse for 22 h during each period, determining the weight and volume of the boards before and after each period, and by visual appraisal of the boards. Intake of trace mineralized salt was also measured. Wood chewing occurred primarily between 2200 and 1200. All measures of wood chewing were correlated when totals for the entire 6 wk were analyzed. When analysis was performed on 2-wk values, videotape results were not correlated with volume or weight loss of boards. Horses chewed more when on the NE treatment (511 s/d) than when on AM or PM (57 and 136 s/d, respectively; P less than .05). Salt intake tended to be greater for NE than for the other treatments (P less than .10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
Address |
Dept. of Anim. Sci., University of Illinois, Urbana 61801 |
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0021-8812 |
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PMID:2061237 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
1949 |
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Author |
Dugatkin, L.; Alfieri, M. |
Title |
Tit-For-Tat in guppies (Poecilia reticulata): the relative nature of cooperation and defection during predator inspection |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Evolutionary Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Evol. Ecol. |
Volume |
5 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
300-309 |
Keywords |
Game theory – Tit-For-Tat – predator inspection – guppy |
Abstract |
Summary The introduction of game-theoretical thinking into evolutionary biology has laid the groundwork for a heuristic view of animal behaviour in which individuals employ “strategies” – rules that instruct them how to behave in a given circumstance to maximize relative fitness. Axelrod and Hamilton (1981) found that a strategy called Tit-For-Tat (TFT) is one robust cooperative solution to the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game. There exists, however, little empirical evidence that animals employ TFT. Predator inspection in fish provides one ecological context in which to examine the use of the TFT strategy. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2177 |
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Author |
Houpt, K.A.; Northrup, N.; Wheatley, T.; Houpt, T.R. |
Title |
Thirst and salt appetite in horses treated with furosemide |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Appl Physiol |
Volume |
71 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
2380-2386 |
Keywords |
Animals; Appetite/*drug effects; Blood Volume; Diuresis; Drinking/drug effects; Female; Furosemide/*pharmacology; Horses; Natriuresis; Sodium, Dietary/*administration & dosage; Thirst/*drug effects |
Abstract |
When a preliminary experiment in sodium-replete ponies revealed an increase, but not a significant increase, in salt consumption after furosemide treatment, the experiment was repeated using sodium-deficient horses in which aldosterone levels might be expected to be elevated to test the hypothesis that a background of aldosterone is necessary for salt appetite. Ten Standardbred mares were injected intravenously with furosemide or an equivalent volume of 0.9% sodium chloride as a control to test the effect of furosemide on their salt appetite and blood constituents. Sodium intake and sodium loss in urine, as well as water intake and urine output, were measured and compared to determine accuracy of compensation for natriuresis and diuresis. Plasma protein and packed cell volume showed significant increases in response to furosemide treatment (F = 29.31, P less than 0.001 and F = 11.20, P less than 0.001, respectively). There were no significant changes in plasma sodium concentration or osmolality in response to the treatment (P greater than 0.05). The furosemide-treated horses consumed 126 +/- 14.8 g salt, significantly more than when they were given the control injection (94.5 +/- 9.8 g; t = 2.22, P = 0.05). In response to furosemide, horses lost 962 +/- 79.7 and consumed 2,170 +/- 5 meq sodium; however, compared with control, they lost 955 meq more sodium and ingested only 570 meq more sodium, so they were undercompensating for natriuresis. The furosemide-treated horses drank 9.6 +/- 0.8 kg of water, significantly more than when they received the control injection (6.4 +/- 0.8 kg; t = 6.9, P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
Address |
Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401 |
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8750-7587 |
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PMID:1778936 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
38 |
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Author |
Noë, R.; van Schaik, C.P.; van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M. |
Title |
The Market Effect: an Explanation for Pay-off Asymmetries among Collaborating Animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
Volume |
87 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
97-118 |
Keywords |
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Abstract |
Abstract * 1Animals can derive leverage over others from (a) resource holding power, based for instance on fighting ability or dominance, and (b) the possession of commodities, such as special skills and resources that cannot be taken away by force. * 2We contend that power based on the possession of commodities strongly depends on the level of supply and demand for that commodity, a phenomenon we call the ‘market effect’. * 3Several theoretical and empirical examples are given of social systems in which animals belong to two distinct classes that offer two different kinds of commodities. * 4The relative frequency of occurrence of the two classes is shown to determine the relative power of their members. * 5We consider the theoretical properties of bargaining processes by which relative power is converted into corresponding pay-off distributions. * 6We propose coalition games, a class of games with more than two players and in which bargaining is possible, as suitable paradigms for collaboration among members of social units. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1439-0310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5413 |
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Author |
Curtis, S.E.; Stricklin, W.R. |
Title |
The importance of animal cognition in agricultural animal production systems: an overview |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
Volume |
69 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
5001-5007 |
Keywords |
*Agriculture; Animal Population Groups/*psychology; *Animal Welfare; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Heat; Helplessness, Learned; Housing, Animal/standards; Immobilization; Nesting Behavior; Pain/psychology/veterinary |
Abstract |
To describe and then fulfill agricultural animals' needs, we must learn more about their fundamental psychological and behavioral processes. How does this animal feel? Is that animal suffering? Will we ever be able to know these things? Scientists specializing in animal cognition say that there are numerous problems but that they can be overcome. Recognition by scientists of the notion of animal awareness has been increasing in recent years, because of the work of Griffin and others. Feeling, thinking, remembering, and imagining are cognitive processes that are factors in the economic and humane production of agricultural animals. It has been observed that the animal welfare debate depends on two controversial questions: Do animals have subjective feelings? If they do, can we find indicators that reveal them? Here, indirect behavioral analysis approaches must be taken. Moreover, the linear additivity of several stressor effects on a variety of animal traits suggests that some single phenomenon is acting as a “clearinghouse” for many or all of the stresses acting on an animal at any given time, and this phenomenon might be psychological stress. Specific situations animals may encounter in agricultural production settings are discussed with respect to the animals' subjective feelings. |
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University of Illinois, Urbana 61801 |
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0021-8812 |
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Notes |
PMID:1808193 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2754 |
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Author |
Duncan, I.J.; Petherick, J.C. |
Title |
The implications of cognitive processes for animal welfare |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
Volume |
69 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
5017-5022 |
Keywords |
*Animal Welfare; Animals; Animals, Domestic/*psychology; *Cognition |
Abstract |
In general, codes that have been designed to safeguard the welfare of animals emphasize the importance of providing an environment that will ensure good health and a normal physiological and physical state, that is, they emphasize the animals' physical needs. If mental needs are mentioned, they are always relegated to secondary importance. The argument is put forward here that animal welfare is dependent solely on the cognitive needs of the animals concerned. In general, if these cognitive needs are met, they will protect the animals' physical needs. It is contended that in the few cases in which they do not safeguard the physical needs, it does not matter from a welfare point of view. The human example is given of being ill. It is argued that welfare is only adversely affected when a person feels ill, knows that he or she is ill, or even thinks that he or she is ill, all of which processes are cognitive ones. The implications for welfare of animals possessing certain cognitive abilities are discussed. For example, the extent to which animals are aware of their internal state while performing behavior known to be indicative of so-called states of suffering, such as fear, frustration, and pain, will determine how much they are actually suffering. With careful experimentation it may be possible to determine how negative they feel these states to be. Similarly, the extent to which animals think about items or events absent from their immediate environment will determine how frustrated they are in the absence of the real item or event but in the presence of the cognitive representation. |
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University of Guelph, Canada |
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0021-8812 |
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PMID:1808195 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2753 |
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Author |
Boyd, L.E. |
Title |
The behaviour of Przewalski's horses and its importance to their management |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume |
29 |
Issue |
1-4 |
Pages |
301-318 |
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Abstract |
Przewalski's horses (Equus przewalskii) are believed to be extinct in the wild; the current known population of 797 animals exists wholly in zoos. The Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources is proposing to reintroduce this endangered species into its former Mongogian habitat within the next decade. Knowledge of the behavior of harem-forming equids in general and of Przewalski's horses in particular, is of great importance to the captive propagation and eventual reintroduction of this species. Horses are rarely solitary by nature. Solitary captive animals are prone to pacing. Juvenile male feral horses (Equus caballus) form bachelor herds upon dispersal from their natal band. Zoos can set up bachelor herds as a way of managing surplus males. The older, more dominant feral horse bachelors are the first to acquire mares. Bachelors do not generally obtain females until they are 4 or 5 years of age. The first females acquired are usually 1- and 2-year-old fillies dispersing from their natal band. Because of the age differential, the stallions are generally dominant to their mares. Behavioral impotence may result if captive stallions are given a harem at too young an age, especially if the harem contains older, more dominant, females. Typical harem sizes in the wild are 3-5 mares. Captive stallions with too large a harem may become either apathetic or aggressive toward their mares. Wild horses spend 60-70% of their time foraging. Captive animals may quickly consume their limited amounts of food and develop vices out of boredom. Provision of hay ad libitum reduces the amount of pacing seen in captive animals, and virtually eliminates coprophagy. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2214 |
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Author |
Boesch, C. |
Title |
Teaching among wild chimpanzees |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
Volume |
41 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
530-532 |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4707 |
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Author |
Klingel, H. |
Title |
Tausend Zebras im Computer |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Das Tier |
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Das Tier |
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10 |
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8-16 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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yes |
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1322 |
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Author |
Dougherty, D.M.; Lewis, P. |
Title |
Stimulus generalization, discrimination learning, and peak shift in horses |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Anal Behav |
Volume |
56 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
97-104 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Appetitive Behavior; Attention; *Conditioning, Operant; *Discrimination Learning; Female; *Generalization, Stimulus; Horses/*psychology; Male; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; Size Perception |
Abstract |
Using horses, we investigated three aspects of the stimulus control of lever-pressing behavior: stimulus generalization, discrimination learning, and peak shift. Nine solid black circles, ranging in size from 0.5 in. to 4.5 in. (1.3 cm to 11.4 cm) served as stimuli. Each horse was shaped, using successive approximations, to press a rat lever with its lip in the presence of a positive stimulus, the 2.5-in. (6.4-cm) circle. Shaping proceeded quickly and was comparable to that of other laboratory organisms. After responding was maintained on a variable-interval 30-s schedule, stimulus generalization gradients were collected from 2 horses prior to discrimination training. During discrimination training, grain followed lever presses in the presence of a positive stimulus (a 2.5-in circle) and never followed lever presses in the presence of a negative stimulus (a 1.5-in. [3.8-cm] circle). Three horses met a criterion of zero responses to the negative stimulus in fewer than 15 sessions. Horses given stimulus generalization testing prior to discrimination training produced symmetrical gradients; horses given discrimination training prior to generalization testing produced asymmetrical gradients. The peak of these gradients shifted away from the negative stimulus. These results are consistent with discrimination, stimulus generalization, and peak-shift phenomena observed in other organisms. |
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Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens 45701 |
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0022-5002 |
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PMID:1940765 |
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1764 |
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