| Records |
Author  |
Heyes, C.M.; Dawson, G.R. |
| Title |
A demonstration of observational learning in rats using a bidirectional control |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Q J Exp Psychol B |
| Volume |
42 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
59-71 |
| Keywords |
appetite; attention; imitation; problem solving; psychomotor performance; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Imitative Behavior; Problem Solving; Psychomotor Performance |
| Abstract |
Hungry rats observed a conspecific demonstrator pushing a single manipulandum, a joystick, to the right or to the left for food reward and were then allowed access to the joystick from a different orientation. The effects of right-pushing vs left-pushing observation experience on (1) response acquisition, (2) reversal of a left-right discrimination, and (3) responding in extinction, were examined. Rats that had observed left-pushing made more left responses during acquisition than rats that had observed right-pushing, and rats that had observed demonstrators pushing in the direction that had previously been reinforced took longer to reach criterion reversal and made more responses in extinction than rats that had observed demonstrators pushing in the opposite direction to that previously reinforced. These results provide evidence that rats are capable of learning a response, or a response-reinforcer contingency, through conspecific observation. |
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University of Cambridge, U.K. |
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02724995 (Issn) |
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| Notes |
Cited By (since 1996): 49; Export Date: 17 May 2007; Source: Scopus; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Heyes, C.M. |
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1766 |
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| Author |
Heyes CM; Dawson GR |
| Title |
A demonstration of observational learning using a bidirectional control |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Q. J. Exp. Psychol. |
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| Volume |
42 |
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59 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3008 |
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| Author |
Hemelrijk, C.K. |
| Title |
Models of, and tests for, reciprocity, unidirectionality and other social interaction patterns at a group level |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
39 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1013-1029 |
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| Abstract |
Research on reciprocity is impaired by confusing definitions and often wrongly used statistical tests. Here, two models of the mechanism on which reciprocity may be based are discussed and an initial step towards a new fremework for its analysis is presented. A distinction is made between reciprocity and interchange. In the case of reciprocity, for one kind of act the same kind is received in return. In interchange, however, two different kinds of acts are bartered. Three types of reciprocity/interchange in social actions among all pairs of group-members are distinguished ([`]qualitative', [`]relative' and [`]absolute') on the basis of the precision of the reciprocity/interchange. Permutation procedures for association between matrices (such as the Mantel Z and two other newly derived tests) are used as a statistical test for detecting reciprocity/interchange. A rough comparison of the power of the two new tests is included. The tests can be applied to all kinds of group-living animals and to all sorts of social behaviour. The distinction between the three types of reciprocity/interchange and the matching statistical methods are also useful for defining and detecting other patterns in social interactions, like unidirectionality and associations between different kinds of social behaviour. The influence on social interactions of variables like dominance rank, age and sex can be analysed in the three forms by testing correlations between invented matrices which represent the influence of these variables (the so-called hypothesis matrices) and social interaction matrices. These methods are extended for two categories of individuals, thus allowing the investigation of, for example, reciprocity between males and females. The methods are illustrated with examples of coalition formation and grooming behaviour among captive chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5049 |
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| Author |
Hemelrijk C K |
| Title |
A matrix partial correlation test used in investigations of reciprocity and other social interaction patterns at group level |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Journal of theoretical biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Theor. Biol. |
| Volume |
143 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
405-420 |
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Reciprocity and other social interaction patterns can be studied at two levels, within pairs (i.e. dyadic level) and among pairs (i.e. at group level). In this paper advantages of the latter approach are emphasized. However, an analysis at group level implies the correlation of interaction matrices and because such data are statistically dependent, the significance of a correlation has to be calculated in a special way |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5050 |
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| Author |
Gordon, I.J.; Lindsay, W.K. |
| Title |
Could Mammalian Herbivores “Manage” Their Resources? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Oikos |
Abbreviated Journal |
Oikos |
| Volume |
59 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
270-280 |
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The concept of resource management has gone hand in hand with group selection arguments. For this reason, it has been cast aside in the era of evolutionary theory which assumes that foraging strategies must have evolved under selection operating to maximise an individual's inclusive fitness. However, results from empirical studies show that under favourable environmental and social circumstances, resource management could be selectively advantageous. Much of the recent literature on plant-herbivore interactions suggest that herbivory can result in changes in the resource base which are assumed to increase the intake and fitness of the herbivore. As a result, a number of authors suggest that herbivores manage their resource utilisation to maximise the flow of nutrients from these resources. Long term territoriality or the exclusive use of a home range are the social systems most likely to favour selection for prudent resource exploitation. This review argues that, in many habitats, resource management strategies are not feasible, as individuals have little control over the way resources are depleted and renewed. Thus far, very little evidence is available showing that herbivorous mammals actively manage the resources which they utilise. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2297 |
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Ginsberg, J. R; Rubenstein, D. I. |
| Title |
Sperm competiton and variation in zebra mating behaviour |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume |
26 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
427-434 |
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Data are presented on the breeding behavior of two zebra species to test whether intra- and interspecific variation in male reproductive behavior and physiology are correlated with differences in female promiscuity. In one species, plains zebra (Equus burchelli) females live in closed membership single male groups and mate monandrously. In the other species, the Grevy's zebra (E. grevyi) females live in groups whose membership is much more temporary. Typically, associations with individual males are brief and mating is polyandrous. However, some females – those having just given birth – reside with one male for long periods, mating monandrously. These differences in female mating behavior generate variability in the potential for sperm competition. We show that behavioral differences in male investment in reproductive activities correlate with the potential for sperm competition. When mating with promiscuous mares, Grevy's zebra stallions made a greater investment in reproductive behavior (calling, mounting, ejaculations) than did stallions of either species when mating with monandrous females. The evolution of large testes size in the Grevy's zebra, when compared to the congeneric plains zebra, horse, and mountain zebra, allows for this increased investment. |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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yes |
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1113 |
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| Author |
Franke Stevens, E. |
| Title |
Instability of harems of feral horses in relation to season and presence of subordinate stallions |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
| Volume |
112 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
149-161 |
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Male horses (Equus caballus) defend harems of females (bands) year-round and throughout their lifetimes. A male's lifetime reproductive success depends upon the number of females in his harem. Although harems have previously been reported as remaining stable over many years, during the two years of this study 30 % of the adult females in an island population of feral horses changed harems during late winter. The seasonal differences in harem stability resulted from seasonal differences in the abundance and distribution of food. The spacing between band members was greater and the frequency of social interactions between them was lower in winter than in summer. In addition, the amount of time devoted to grazing increased in winter. These differences are attributed to the lower availability of suitable vegetation duirng winter. Harem stability did not depend on the age of females, the size of the harem, nor the age of the harem stallion, but did depend on the presence of subordinate stallions attached to the band. All of the females that changed bands left single-male bands; multi-male bands were stable throughout the study. |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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yes |
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1632 |
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| Author |
Feh, C, |
| Title |
Long-term paternity data in relation to different aspects of rank for Camargue stallions, Equus caballus |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
40 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
995-996 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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yes |
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1081 |
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| Author |
Edgar, G.K.; Smith, A.T. |
| Title |
Hemifield differences in perceived spatial frequency |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Perception |
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19 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
759-766 |
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Measurements of the perceived spatial frequency of stationary sinewave gratings were made with the gratings presented at the same eccentricity in the left, right, upper, and lower visual hemifields. Ten subjects performed the task binocularly with spatial frequencies of 1, 2, and 4 cycles deg-1. Two of these subjects also performed the task monocularly at 2 cycles deg-1. In the majority of cases, the spatial frequency of stimuli presented in the left and lower visual hemifields was overestimated relative to stimuli presented in the right and upper visual hemifields. The results were similar for all spatial frequencies tested, and the direction of the asymmetry was the same whether viewing was with the left eye, right eye or binocular, suggesting that the differences in perceived spatial frequency are not retinal in origin. |
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Pion Ltd |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5374 |
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Duncan, P.; Foose, T. J.; Gordon, I. J.; Gakahu,C. G.; Lloyd, M. |
| Title |
Comparative nutrient extraction from forages by grazing bovids and equids: a test of the nutritional model of equid/bovid competition and coexistence |
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Journal Article |
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1990 |
Publication |
Oecologia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Oecologia |
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84 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
411-418 |
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Ruminant – Hind-gut fermenter – Intake – Digestion – Competition |
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Ruminants are unevenly distributed across the range of body sizes observed in herbivorous mammals; among extant East African species they predominate, in numbers and species richness, in the medium body sizes (10-600 kg). The small and the large species are all hind-gut fermenters. Some medium-sized hind-gut fermenters, equid perissodactyls, coexist with the grazing ruminants, principally bovid artiodactyls, in grassland ecosystems. These patterns have been explained by two complementary models based on differences between the digestive physiology of ruminants and hind-gut fermenters. The Demment and Van Soest (1985) model accounts for the absence of ruminants among the small and large species, while the Bell/Janis/Foose model accounts both for the predominance of ruminants, and their co-existence with equids among the medium-sized species (Bell 1971; Janis 1976; Foose 1982). The latter model assumes that the rumen is competitively superior to the hind-gut system on medium quality forages, and that hind-gut fermenters persist because of their ability to eat more, and thus to extract more nutrients per day from high fibre, low quality forages. Data presented here demonstrate that compared to similarly sized grazing ruminants (bovids), hind-gut fermenters (equids) have higher rates of food intake which more than compensate for their lesser ability to digest plant material. As a consequence equids extract more nutrients per day than bovids not only from low quality foods, but from the whole range of forages eaten by animals of this size. Neither of the current nutritional models, nor refinements of them satisfactorily explain the preponderance of the bovids among medium-sized ungulates; alternative hypotheses are presented. |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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yes |
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1035 |
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