| Records |
| Author |
Iacobucci, D.; Wasserman, S. |
| Title |
Social networks with two sets of actors |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Psychometrika |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychometrika |
| Volume |
55 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
707-720 |
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Abstract  |
Abstract Traditional network research analyzes relational ties within a single group of actors: the models presented in this paper involve relational ties exist beteen two distinct sets of actors. Statistical models for traditional networks in which relations are measured within a group simplify when modeling unidirectional relations measured between groups. The traditional paradigm results in a one-mode socionatrix; the network paradigm considered in this paper results in a two-mode socionatrix; A statistical model is presented, illustrated on a sample data set, and compared to its traditional counterpart. Extensions are discussed, including those that model multivariate relations simultaneously, and those that allow for the inclustion of attributes of the individuals in the group. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5036 |
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Cuthill, I.; Kacelnik, A. |
| Title |
Central place foraging: a reappraisal of the `loading effect' |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
40 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1087-1101 |
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| Abstract |
Animals that provision a central place usually bring back larger loads when foraging far from home. This positive correlation between average load size and distance is typically explained as rate-maximizing behaviour in the face of a trade-off between travel costs and a decelerating rate of prey gain in food patches (the `loading effect'). By using feeders to provide wild parent starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, with constant rates of prey loading, a positive load-distance correlation was shown to exist in the absence of a loading effect (experiment I). However, in a laboratory simulation where no load was transported (experiment II). the average number of prey eaten in patch visits by self-feeding starlings was invariant with travel distance, so the explanation of the load-distance correlation in experiment I must lie in featues peculiar to central place foraging. Bottlenecks in ingestion by chicks and interruption by visual detection of nest disturbance (experiment III) were rejected as causes of the correlation. Risks of dropping prey in flight appeared low, but the risk of kleptoparasitism received weak support. The travel-load size correlation may be an adaptive response to load transport costs, as return travel times increased with the load size being carried (experiment IV). |
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2116 |
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Rutberg, A. T. |
| Title |
Inter-group transfer in assateague pony mares |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
40 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
945-952 |
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Between-previous termgroup transfernext term of adult female previous termponies,next term Equus caballus, was investigated for three consecutive summers on previous Assateaguenext Island, Maryland, U.S.A. Both the previous terminternext term-band movements of individual previous termmares and the marenext term turnover rates of one-male “harem” bands were examined. Long-term previous termtransfersnext term occurred at rates ranging from 0·06 to 0·18 per previous termmarenext term per month. previous termMaresnext term with foals transferred more frequently than previous termmaresnext term without foals, but neither female age, pregnancy, nearest-neighbour distances nor dominance rank affected the likelihood of transferring. Band turnover rates were uncorrelated with the average frequency of previous termmare-marenext term aggression within the band, but new previous termmaresnext term entering a band suffered a transient rise in aggression received. Thus, female aggression did not encourage, and may have discouraged, previous terminternext term-band previous termtransfers.next term Older stallions and stallions who had held bands for 2 years or more had significantly larger and more stable bands. Fewer previous termmarenext term turnovers were seen in bands whose stallions tended to face their previous termmares,next term showed a relatively high proportion of time feeding, and showed a relatively low proportion of time involved in aggression with other stallions, although at marginal levels of significance for all three variables. Thus, variability in stallion attributes, and possibly behaviour, probably plays the strongest role in determining previous termmare transfernext term patterns at previous termAssateague.next term |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
yes |
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Serial |
1535 |
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Dublin, H.T.; Sinclair, A.R.E.; Boutin, S.; Anderson, E.; Jago, M.; Arcese, P. |
| Title |
Does competition regulate ungulate populations? Further evidence from Serengeti, Tanzania |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Oecologia |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
82 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
283-288 |
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| Abstract |
Changes in populations of several ungulate species in the Serengeti-Mara region of East Africa over the past 30 years suggest several hypotheses for their regulation and coexistence. Recent censuses in the 1980s have allowed us to test the hypotheses that: (1) there was competition between wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) and Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsoni). This predicted that gazelle numbers should have declined in the 1980s when wildebeest were food limited. Census figures show no change in gazelle numbers between 1978 and 1986, a result contrary to the interspecific competition hypothesis; (2) wildebeest and African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) populations were regulated by intraspecific competition for food. Since both populations reached food limitation in the 1970s, the hypothesis predicted that the populations should have been stable in the 1980s. The results confirm these predictions for wildebeest and the buffalo population in the Mara reserve. In the Serengeti the buffalo population declined 41% over the period 1976-1984. The decline was not evenly distributed over the park, some areas showing an 80-90% decline, others no change or an increase in numbers. The decline was associated with proximity to human habitation; (3) an outbreak of the viral disease, rinderpest, in 1982 may have been the cause of the drop in buffalo population. Blood serum samples to measure the prevalence of antibodies were collected from areas of decreasing, stable and increasing populations. If rinderpest was the cause of decrease there should be a negative relationship between the prevalence of rinderpest and the instantaneous rate of increase (r). The results showed no relationship. We conclude that rinderpest was not the major cause of the drop in buffalo numbers. Elephant (Loxodonta africana) numbers dropped 81% in Serengeti in the period 1977-1986. In the Mara there was little change. The evidence suggests that extensive poaching in northern and western Serengeti during 1979-1984 accounted for the drop in both elephant and buffalo numbers. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2281 |
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| Author |
Ginsberg, J. R; Rubenstein, D. I. |
| Title |
Sperm competiton and variation in zebra mating behaviour |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume |
26 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
427-434 |
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Data are presented on the breeding behavior of two zebra species to test whether intra- and interspecific variation in male reproductive behavior and physiology are correlated with differences in female promiscuity. In one species, plains zebra (Equus burchelli) females live in closed membership single male groups and mate monandrously. In the other species, the Grevy's zebra (E. grevyi) females live in groups whose membership is much more temporary. Typically, associations with individual males are brief and mating is polyandrous. However, some females – those having just given birth – reside with one male for long periods, mating monandrously. These differences in female mating behavior generate variability in the potential for sperm competition. We show that behavioral differences in male investment in reproductive activities correlate with the potential for sperm competition. When mating with promiscuous mares, Grevy's zebra stallions made a greater investment in reproductive behavior (calling, mounting, ejaculations) than did stallions of either species when mating with monandrous females. The evolution of large testes size in the Grevy's zebra, when compared to the congeneric plains zebra, horse, and mountain zebra, allows for this increased investment. |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
yes |
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Serial |
1113 |
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Mitman, G. |
| Title |
Dominance, leadership, and aggression: animal behavior studies during the Second World War |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Hist Behav Sci |
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26 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
3-16 |
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*Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Dominance-Subordination; History, 20th Century; *Leadership; Political Systems; *Social Dominance; United States |
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During the decade surrounding the Second World War, an extensive literature on the biological and psychological basis of aggression surfaced in America, a literature that in general emphasized the significance of learning and environment in the origins of aggressive behavior. Focusing on the animal behavior research of Warder Clyde Allee and John Paul Scott, this paper examines the complex interplay among conceptual, institutional, and societal forces that created and shaped a discourse on the subjects of aggression, dominance, and leadership within the context of World War II. The distinctions made between sexual and social dominance during this period, distinctions accentuated by the threat of totalitarianism abroad, and the varying ways that interpretations of behavior could be negotiated attests to the multiplicity of interactions that influence the development of scientific research. |
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University of Wisconsin |
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English |
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0022-5061 |
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PMID:2405050 |
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2044 |
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Pettifor, R.A. |
| Title |
The effects of avian mobbing on a potential predator, the European kestrel, Falco tinnunculus |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
39 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
821-827 |
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European kestrels were observed being mobbed by other birds on 63 occasions. Eleven species were involved, and in two instances mobs were composed of more than one species. Both flight-hunting and perch-hunting kestrels flew significantly further between their foraging positions when they were mobbed than when they were not mobbed; on average, mobbing resulted in flight-hunting kestrels moving 6[middle dot]8 times, and perch-hunting kestrels 2[middle dot]7 times, the mean distances moved by non-mobbed birds. The mean strike distance of perch-hunting kestrels attempting to capture birds was significantly less than the distance between perches flown by perch-hunting kestrels when mobbed. These data provide quantitative support for the assumption that mobbing causes a predator to vacate its immediate foraging area. The activity of the kestrels also influenced the frequency that they were mobbed, with kestrels that were flight-hunting being mobbed more than expected compared with ones that were perch-hunting. Kestrels were observed being mobbed throughout the year, and there was no discernible difference in their response to mobbing between seasons. These results are discussed in relation to current ideas on the functions of avian mobbing. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4091 |
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Rutberg, A.T.; Greenberg, S.A. |
| Title |
Dominance, aggression frequencies and modes of aggressive competition in feral pony mares |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
40 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
322-331 |
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Feral pony mares, Equus caballus, at Assateague Island, Maryland, formed linear dominance hierarchies within bands. Generally, older mares dominated younger mares, and larger mares dominated smaller mares. Large mares initiated aggression more often than small mares when age was controlled for but, surprisingly, older mares initiated aggression less often than younger mares when size was controlled for. Thus, mares peak in aggressiveness fairly soon after achieving full size and then, while maintaining or improving their rank in the domainance hierarchy, progressively reduce their involvement in aggression as they grow older, Involvement in aggression per mare increased as number of mares in the group increased; this effect was independent of nearest-mare distances. Frequency of involvement in aggression did not differ between mares that had changed bands within the year and mares whose band association had continued for a year or more. Aggression was directed more frequently than expected at subordinate mares who were nursing, and also occurred more frequently than expected at water holes. The proportion of aggressive encounters during grazing closely matched the total proportion of time spent grazing. Subordinate mares with foals received aggression more often than subordinate mares without foals. The high frequency of aggression associated with foals and nursing suggests that interference with reproduction of subordiantes is an important mode of competition between mares. Such interference may be common in animals that feed on dispersed resources and live in small, cohesive groups. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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755 |
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Wittling, W. |
| Title |
Psychophysiological correlates of human brain asymmetry: Blood pressure changes during lateralized presentation of an emotionally laden film |
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Journal Article |
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1990 |
Publication |
Neuropsychologia |
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28 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
457-470 |
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Fifty adult subjects were shown an emotionally positive film either in their left or right hemisphere by means of a technique for lateralizing visual input that allows prolonged viewing while permitting free ocular scanning. It was found that the cerebral hemispheres markedly differ in their capability to regulate blood pressure during emotionally laden situations of a distinctly positive nature. Right-hemispheric film presentation caused a significantly higher increase in systolic and diastolic pressure that left-hemispheric viewing of the same film. Moreover, hemisphere asymmetries were further increased if lateralized stimulus presentation and the lateralized carrying out of a stimulus-related response were combined within the same hemisphere, thereby enhancing unilateral processing. Finally, males and females clearly differed with respect to interhemispheric regulation of blood pressure. |
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0028-3932 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5352 |
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Cassini, M.H.; Kacelnik, A.; Segura, E.T. |
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The tale of the screaming hairy armadillo, the guinea pig and the marginal value theorem |
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Journal Article |
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1990 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
39 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1030-1050 |
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Foraging by screaming hairy armadillos, Chaetophractus vellerosus, and guinea pigs, Cavia porcellus, was studied in the laboratory. The main question was whether patch exploitation varies with overall capture rate as predicted by the marginal value theorem (MVT). Armadillos in experiment I and guinea pigs in experiment II experienced a single travel time between depleting patches of two kinds: good and poor. There were two treatments, which differed in the quality of poor patches. MVT predicts that within a treatment, more prey should be taken from good than from poor patches and between treatments, good patches should be exploited in inverse relation to the quality of poor patches and poor patches should be exploited in direct relation to their own quality. In experiment III, guinea pigs experienced three treatments which differed in the travel requirement, while the two patch types remained the same. MVT predicts that within a treatment more prey should be taken from good than from poor patches and that between treatments more prey should be taken from both patch types as travel requirement increases. The qualitative predictions were supported in the three experiments. The quantitative fit was good but there was a bias towards more severe patch exploitation than predicted. The results indicate that in these species patch exploitation depends on overall food availability as predicted by the MVT when overall food availability differs either because of patch type composition or because of differences in travel requirement between patches. |
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