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Author de Waal, F.B.M. openurl 
  Title Peacemaking Among Primates Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1989 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4924  
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Author Harrington, F.H. url  doi
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  Title Chorus howling by wolves: Acoustic structures, pack size and Beau Geste effect Type Journal Article
  Year 1989 Publication Bioacoustics Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 2 Issue Pages  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Harrington1989 Serial 6463  
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Author Ellard, M.-E.; Crowell-Davis, S.L. url  doi
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  Title Evaluating equine dominance in draft mares Type Journal Article
  Year 1989 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 24 Issue 1 Pages 55-75  
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  Abstract The social hierarchy of a herd of 12 draft mares was assessed using agonism in the field, paired-feeding tests and a group-feeding test. Results from the paired-feeding test correlated significantly, but imperfectly, with those from the field. Differential motivation among subjects for the feed and disruption of ambiguous relationships among mares reduced the reliability of the paired-feeding test as a measure of social dominance. Results from the group-feeding test did not correlate significantly with the field hierarchy and only a few mares ever ate from the bucket. Height, weight and age each correlated significantly with rank; a mare's tendency to remain alone did not. Total aggressive scores during the paired-feeding test correlated with rank. However, a high-ranking mare was no more aggressive to each of her subordinates than was a low-ranking mare. Rather, all mares aggressed more against individuals close in rank to themselves and with preferred field associates. In the field, mares associated most with other mares of similar rank.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 662  
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Author De Waal, Frans B. M.; Luttrell, L.M. doi  openurl
  Title Toward a comparative socioecology of the genus Macaca: Different dominance styles in rhesus and stumptail monkeys Type Journal Article
  Year 1989 Publication American journal of primatology Abbreviated Journal Am. J. Primatol.  
  Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages 83-109  
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  Abstract Captive studies can make a unique contribution to primate socioecology by documenting species-typical social dispositions under controlled conditions. Recent theories seek to connect the dominance relationships, group cohesiveness, and feeding ecology of primates. The present study explores the first two aspects by comparing the social organization of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and stumptail monkeys (M. arctoides). Data were collected over a period of eight years, with five different methods, on three well-established captive groups in identical environments. The groups were found to share one characteristic: a clear-cut, linear formal dominance hierarchy as expressed in teeth-baring displays. The two main study groups (one of each species) differed significantly, however, with respect to nine of eleven behavioral measures. In addition to a previously reported higher frequency of reconciliation in the stumptail group, this group showed (1) more frequent but less severe aggressive behavior, (2) greater symmetry of contests, (3) greater social tolerance, (4) more nonagonistic approaches, and (5) more allogrooming. The differences can be summarized as a contrast in dominance style, with the stumptails having a more relaxed style and placing greater emphasis on social cohesion than the rhesus monkeys. An egalitarian attitude was also reflected in approach behavior: contacts in the rhesus group were mostly initiated by dominants, whereas contacts in the stumptail group were initiated independent of rank. Comparisons with a second rhesus group, and with published reports, suggest that while some of the observed differences are probably representative of the two species, considerable intraspecific variation does exist, and a more comprehensive program of comparative studies is needed.  
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  ISSN 1098-2345 ISBN Medium  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ FransB.M.DeWaal1989 Serial 870  
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Author Gao, X; Gu, J. openurl 
  Title The distribution and status of the Equidae in China. Type Journal Article
  Year 1989 Publication Acta Theriologica Sinica Abbreviated Journal Acta Theriol. Sin.  
  Volume 9 Issue 4 Pages 269-274  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved yes  
  Call Number Serial 1101  
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Author Ginsberg, J.R., openurl 
  Title The ecology of female behaviour and male mating success in the Grevy's zebra Type Journal Article
  Year 1989 Publication Symposium of the Zoological Society of London Abbreviated Journal Symp zool Soc Lond  
  Volume 61 Issue Pages 89-110  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved yes  
  Call Number Serial 1112  
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Author Hunter, L.; Houpt, K..A. url  openurl
  Title Bedding material preferences of ponies. Type Journal Article
  Year 1989 Publication Journal of American Society of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J Anim Sci  
  Volume 67 Issue 8 Pages 1986-1991  
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  Abstract The bedding preferences of ponies were determined using video recordings of nighttime (1900 to 0700) behavior of individually housed ponies. The ponies' behavior each minute was recorded to determine time budgets. In Exp. I, preference for bedding was determined using three mares, three stallions and two geldings given access to bedded and unbedded areas in a box stall. The ponies spent more time (66%) on the bedded area and were never observed lying on the unbedded areas. In Exp. II, three mares and six stallions were given access to a box stall, one side of which was bedded with wood shavings and the other with straw. Although some individual animals preferred one bedding over the other, neither form of bedding was preferred consistently. Time budgets in Exp. II were similar on both bedding materials. The ponies spent 12% of their nighttime lying, 2% walking, 35% eating and 50% standing inactively. Some ponies had a relatively strong preference for bedding, but the type of bedding preferred varied with the individual animal. Some individual ponies had no clear preference, but instead had a side or position preference  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved yes  
  Call Number Serial 1211  
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Author Izraely, H.; Choshniak, I.; Shkolnik, A.; Stevens, C.E.; Demment, M.W. url  openurl
  Title Factors determining the digestive efficiency of the domesticated donkey.(Equus Asinus Asinus ) Type Journal Article
  Year 1989 Publication Q J Exp Physiol Abbreviated Journal Q J Exp Physiol  
  Volume 74 Issue 1 Pages 1-6  
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  Abstract Factors determining the digestive efficiency of donkeys were studied in animals fed either a low quality roughage (wheat straw: 77{middle dot}1% neutral detergent fibre, 2{middle dot}8% crude protein) or a high quality forage (alfalfa hay: 47{middle dot}5% neutral detergent fibre, 22{middle dot}7% crude protein). The neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intake when fed wheat straw was 1693 {+/-} 268 g animal-1 day-1, 10% higher than when fed alfalfa hay. Digestive coefficient of NDF and acid detergent fibre (ADF) when fed wheat straw amounted to 50{middle dot}9 {+/-} 4{middle dot}9 and 42{middle dot}0 {+/-} 4{middle dot}1% respectively. NDF and ADF apparent digestibilities and mean retention times (37{middle dot}7 {+/-} 1{middle dot}7 and 36{middle dot}4 {+/-} 3{middle dot}2 h respectively) were not significantly different (P [rang] 0{middle dot}05) between the two diets. The donkey appears to digest cell wall constituents as efficiently as the Bedouin goat when on low quality roughage, but less efficiently when fed alfalfa hay. Its energy digestibility is, however, as high as that reported for the Bedouin goat. The donkey's high energy digestibility is related to its capacity to digest soluble food components more efficiently than the ruminant. The mean retention time in the donkey is shorter than in the Bedouin goat and is consistent with its capacity to compensate for a lower quality diet by increasing its intake rate. Recycling of urea in donkeys maintained on wheat straw amounted to 75{middle dot}5 {+/-} 13{middle dot}0% of the entry rate. A decrease in the rate of renal urea filtration, coupled with an increase in the fraction reabsorbed, increased the retention of nitrogenous waste and permitted recycling of nitrogen into the gut. N1 -  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved yes  
  Call Number Serial 1216  
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Author Klingel, H. openurl 
  Title Odd-toed Ungulates, Horses Type Book Chapter
  Year 1989 Publication Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 4 Issue Pages 550+557-594  
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  Publisher Place of Publication McGraw Hill Editor Grzimek, B.  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved yes  
  Call Number Serial 1320  
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Author Rau, R.E, openurl 
  Title The museum's Quagga project Type Manuscript
  Year 1989 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1500  
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