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	Author	Crowell-Davis, S.L.
	Title	Self-grooming by mares and foals of the Welsh pony (Equus caballus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	17	Issue	3-4	Pages	197-208
	Keywords
	Abstract	Self-grooming behaviour of 15 mare-foal pairs was studied weekly for the first 24 weeks of the foal's life. Mares self-groomed at mean rates of 1.2-2.2 times h-1 depending on the 4-week period. Foals self-groomed more often, with a peak rate of 12.3 times h-1 occurring during Week 5-8 and a subsequent decline to 6.0 times h-1 by Weeks 21-24. Self-grooming bouts of mares and foals also differed in the proportion devoted to each type of self-grooming. During a greater proportion of their total self-grooming bouts, foals scratched their head and neck with a hind limb or bit and scratched the trunk or hind limbs with the teeth. The mares spent a greater proportion of their self-grooming bouts rubbing their head or neck on an inanimate object, another pony, or their fore limb, or rolling on the ground. Particular types of individual self-grooming bouts were engaged in for different lengths of time. Foals had longer bouts of scratching the head and neck with a hind limb, scratching or biting the fore limb or hind limb with the teeth, and rubbing the head and neck on an inanimate object, while mares had longer bouts of rolling. Some of the differences in preference for particular types of self-grooming may be the result of differences in relative size of various body parts and, consequently, relative ease of a given type of self-grooming.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2275
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	Author	Hughes, K.L.; Sulaiman, I.
	Title	The ecology of Rhodococcus equi and physicochemical influences on growth			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Veterinary Microbiology	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Microbiol
	Volume	14	Issue	3	Pages	241-250
	Keywords	Animals; Feces/microbiology; Horses; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Rhodococcus/growth & development; Soil Microbiology; Temperature
	Abstract	Growth of Rhodococcus equi was studied in vitro. Optimal growth occurred under aerobic conditions between pH 7.0 and 8.5, at 30 degrees C. R. equi survived better in a neutral soil (pH 7.3) than it did in two acid soils (pH less than 5.5). It grew substantially better in soils enriched with faeces than in soils alone. Simple organic acids in horse dung, especially acetate and propionate, appear to be important in supporting growth of R. equi in the environment. The ecology of R. equi can be best explained by an environmental cycle allowing its proliferation in dung, influenced by management, grazing behaviour and prevailing climatic conditions. Preventive measures should be aimed at reducing or avoiding focal areas of faecal contamination in the environment.
	Address	School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0378-1135	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3672866			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2678
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	Author	Takai, S.; Fujimori, T.; Katsuzaki, K.; Tsubaki, S.
	Title	Ecology of Rhodococcus equi in horses and their environment on horse-breeding farms			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Veterinary Microbiology	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Microbiol
	Volume	14	Issue	3	Pages	233-239
	Keywords	Actinomycetales Infections/veterinary; Animals; Animals, Newborn/microbiology; Environmental Microbiology; Feces/microbiology; Female; Horse Diseases/microbiology; Horses/microbiology; Rhodococcus/isolation & purification
	Abstract	Quantitative culture of R. equi in the feces of dams and foals, in the air of the stalls and in the soil of the paddocks was carried out on three horse-breeding farms during the foaling season. The isolation rates of R. equi from the feces of dams from the 3 farms suddenly increased to approximately 80% at the end of March, when the snow in the paddocks finished melting, and remained at that level during April and May. The mean number of R. equi and the isolation rate of R. equi from the feces of dams on the farms were investigated for 5 weeks before and 5 weeks after delivery. During the 10 weeks, there were no differences in the isolation rate or in the mean number of R. equi from the feces of dams. R. equi was first isolated from the feces of the foals born in February and the middle of March at 3-4 weeks of age, on the other hand, it was first isolated from the feces of foals born in the end of March and April at 1-2 weeks of age. The number of R. equi in the soil collected from the paddocks used by dams during the winter was approximately 10(2)-10(4) g-1 of soil during the experiment. R. equi was isolated from the air in the stalls at the end of March and the number of R. equi in the air increased particularly on dry and windy days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
	Address	Department of Animal Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0378-1135	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3672865			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2679
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	Author	Rumbaugh, D.M.; Savage-Rumbaugh, S.; Hegel, M.T.
	Title	Summation in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	13	Issue	2	Pages	107-115
	Keywords	Animals; Choice Behavior; Cognition; Male; Mathematics; *Pan troglodytes; Visual Perception
	Abstract	In this research, we asked whether 2 chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) subjects could reliably sum across pairs of quantities to select the greater total. Subjects were allowed to choose between two trays of chocolates. Each tray contained two food wells. To select the tray containing the greater number of chocolates, it was necessary to sum the contents of the food wells on each tray. In experiments where food wells contained from zero to four chocolates, the chimpanzees chose the greater value of the summed wells on more than 90% of the trials. In the final experiment, the maximum number of chocolates assigned to a food well was increased to five. Choice of the tray containing the greater sum still remained above 90%. In all experiments, subjects reliably chose the greater sum, even though on many trials a food well on the “incorrect” tray held more chocolates than either single well on the “correct” tray. It was concluded that without any known ability to count, these chimpanzees used some process of summation to combine spatially separated quantities. Speculation regarding the basis for summation includes consideration of perceptual fusion of pairs of quantities and subitization.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3572305			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2785
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	Author	Klingel H,
	Title	Unpaarhufer, Pferde			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	in Grzimek B (ed): Grzimeks Enzyklopädie Säugetiere
	Volume	4	Issue		Pages	548-592, Kindler
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1319
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	Author	Olivier W,
	Title	Is it possible to bring back the quagga?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Roan News
	Volume	4	Issue		Pages	1-2
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1435
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	Author	Povinelli DJ
	Title	Monkeys, apes, mirrors and minds: the evolution of self-awareness in primates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	J. Hum. Evol.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	2	Issue		Pages	493
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3025
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	Author	Tomasello, M.; Davis-Dasilva, M.; Camak, L.; Bard, K.
	Title	Observational learning of tool-use by young chimpanzees			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Human Evolution
	Volume	2	Issue	2	Pages	175-183
	Keywords	Chimpanzees; Observational Learning; Tool-Use
	Abstract	In the current study two groups of young chimpanzees (4–6 and 8–9 years old) were given a T-bar and a food item that could only be reached by using the T-bar. Experimental subjects were given the opportunity to observe an adult using the stick as a tool to obtain the food; control subjects were exposed to the adult but were given no demonstration. Subjects in the older group did not learn to use the tool. Subjects in the younger group who were exposed to the demonstrator learned to use the stick as a tool much more readily than those who were not. None of the subjects demonstrated an ability to imitatively copy the demonstrator's precise behavioral strategies. More than simple stimulus enhancement was involved, however, since both groups manipulated the T-bar, but only experimental subjects used it in its function as a tool. Our findings complement naturalistic observations in suggesting that chimpanzee tool-use is in some sense «culturally transmitted» — though perhaps not in the same sense as social-conventional behaviors for which precise copying of conspecifics is crucial.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Kluwer Academic Publishers	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0393-9375	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5915
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	Author	Pusey, A.E.
	Title	Sex-biased dispersal and inbreeding avoidance in birds and mammals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Trends in Ecology & Evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Trends. Ecol. Evol
	Volume	2	Issue	10	Pages	295-299
	Keywords
	Abstract	Sex differences in dispersal distance are widespread in birds and mammals, but the predominantly dispersing sex differs consistently between the classes. There has been persistent debate over the relative importance of two factors -- intrasexual competition and inbreeding avoidance -- in producing sex-biased dispersal, and over the sources of the difference in dispersal patterns between the two classes. Recent studies cast new light on these questions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0169-5347	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5326
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	Author	Berger J,
	Title	Reproductive fates of dispersers in a harem-dwelling ungulate: the wild horse			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Mammalian Dispersal Patterns: The Effects of Social Structure on Population Genetics	Abbreviated Journal	Mammalian dispersal Patterns
	Volume		Issue		Pages	41-54
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor	Chepko-Sade, B.D. ; Halpin, Z.T.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title	Mammalian Dispersal Patterns: The Effects of Social Structure on Population Genetics
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	940
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