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| Author |
Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M. |
| Title |
The recognition of social alliances among vervet monkeys |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
Volume  |
34 |
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1722-1731 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4864 |
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| Author |
Giraldeau, L.-A.; Lefebvre, L. |
| Title |
Exchangeable producer and scrounger roles in a captive flock of feral pigeons: a case for the skill pool effect |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
34 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
797-803 |
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| Abstract |
We investigated the foraging producer-scrounger system of a captive flock of feral pigeons (Columba livia) by monitoring the number of food patches each individual produced. In one experiment, three different patch types were tested on the whole flock while, in a second, flock composition was varied for one patch type. In all cases we found non-uniform distributions of the number of patches produced per individual, which suggests the existence of producer and scrounger roles. This result could not be explained by either dominance or variability in individual learning ability. Individuals switched roles in response to changes both in food patch type and flock composition. These results are discussed in light of the skill pool hypothesis, which suggests that, in a group, different foraging specialists will profit by parasitizing each other's food discoveries. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6012 |
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| Author |
Crowell-Davis, S.L. |
| Title |
Spatial relations between mares and foals of the Welsh pony (Equus caballus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim Beh |
| Volume |
34 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1007-1015 |
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| Abstract |
Welsh pony mares and foals (Equus caballus) were usually found to be within 1 or 5 m of each other during the first week of the foal's life and gradually spent more time at greater distances as the foals became older. There was an overall levelling of the trend during the 9th-15th weeks of life of the foal, followed by a second period of change during weeks 16-24. Through weeks 21-24, mares and foals spent at least half of their time within 5 m of each other. Proximity was primarily due to foal activity except during foal recumbency. During the first 8 weeks of the foal's life, a mare remained close by when it was recumbent, either by grazing in a circle around it or by standing upright beside it. Mares and foals were most likely to be close together when they were resting upright with the other ponies in the herd and most likely to be far apart when the foal was playing. Similarities in patterns of spatial relationship between the foals of a given mare were demonstrated. There was no difference between colts and filies in the development of independence. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6505 |
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YALDEN DW et al, |
| Title |
Catalogue of the mammals of Ethiopia 6; II. order Perissodactyla; A |
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1986 |
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Family Equidae Monitore Zool italiano Suppl |
| Volume |
21 |
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35-41 |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1726 |
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| Author |
Meadow Rh, U.H. |
| Title |
Equids in the ancient world |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Beihefte z Tübinger Atlas d Vorderen Orients Reihe A |
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19/1 |
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P |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1383 |
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| Author |
McNaughton, S. J.; Georgiadis, N.J. |
| Title |
Ecology of African Grazing and Browsing Mammals |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |
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17 |
Issue |
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Pages |
39-66 |
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INTRODUCTION Africa is the earth's second largest continent, comprising 20% of its surface. Largely tropical, Africa extends as well into temperate zones to 37 N and 35 S. Eastern and southern Africa display steep elevation gradients due to the prevalence there of volcanic orogeny and rifting (29). Local landscapes are distinguished by substantial geological heterogeneity, dissected land forms, and resultant steep gradients of precipitation and vegetation. The consequent pronounced fragnientation of habitats and sharp juxtaposition of distinct vegetation types, combined with climatic oscillations in geological time, contributed to major adaptive radiations of the mammalian fauna (102, 120). Early zoological expeditions recorded that habitat fragmentation and wide spatial variation of animal densities and diversities were distinctive features of African ecosystems (92, 138, 162, 226). Those early records provided the bases of natural history information on animal distributions, habitat preferences, feeding habits, and general ecology; scientific research followed only much later (201). Modem scientific study of African savanna-grassland mammals began in the 1950s (23, 24, 107, 108, 148, 149, 197,203, 204, 210,230), long after the distributions and densities of the major game animals had been affected by growing human populations, colonial land and hunting policies, and virulent exotic diseases that affected the animals both directly and indirectly (57). The mammalian fauna has been increasingly isolated and fragmented within game reserves of varying size, habitat diversity, and animal species diversity; the ability to sustain it in the absence of active management is increasingly questioned (112, 187). For species with population sizes greater than 100 individuals, game reserve area (A) and faunal ... |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4255 |
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| Author |
Keiper, R.R.; Sambraus, H.H. |
| Title |
The stability of equine dominance hierarchies and the effects of kinship, proximity and foaling status on hierarchy rank |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
16 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
121-130 |
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Dominance hierarchies were determined in four bands of feral horses living on Assateague Island. The bands varied in size from 10 to 16 horses, and consisted of one stallion, several mares and their offspring. The animals ranged in age from less than 1 to over 18 years. Field observation of all social interactions during the summer of 1981 was used to determine dominance. 1981 hierarchies for three of the bands were compared with hierarchies determined for the same bands in 1978, and showed that hierarchies change over time. Age was significantly correlated with rank. Mares with foals did not rank any higher in the hierarchies than mares without foals. Kinship did not appear to have an effect on dominance rank either, since neither juvenile nor adult offspring ranks correlated with the ranks of their mothers. The band stallion was not the highest-ranking animal of any band, but the location of the stallion peripheral to the main body of the band, the nature of his interactions with band members, and his length of residence in the band may have contributed to his low rank. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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683 |
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| Author |
Heird, J.C.; Lokey, C.E.; Cogan, D.C. |
| Title |
Repeatability and comparison of two maze tests to measure learning ability in horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
16 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
103-119 |
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Sixteen Quarter Horses were randomly divided into two groups after sorting by age and sex. After a 10-day preconditioning period, each animal was scored for emotionality and trainability. Each group then completed a series of learning tasks in a modified T-maze for 20 consecutive days. Group P/D was initially tested on a simple place-learning task, while Group D/P was trained in a visual discrimination task. The groups were tested alternately on the two tasks with 10-day extinction periods between each task. Upon reaching a criterion of 11 of 12 correct responses (the last 8 responses consecutive), a horse was retired for the day. If this criterion was not attained, the horse completed 20 trials. Learning occurred at a faster rate on the discrimination tasks compared to the gradual learning curves observed on place tasks. Animals learned more rapidly and reached higher levels of performance as the series of tasks progressed. Trainability and emotionality scores tended to predict the final level of learning achieved. Correlations of performance ranks within emotionality and training groups were higher between tasks of the same type than between the different tasks. Rank correlations between odd and even days on each task indicated that the within-group rankings were more consistent on the discrimination task than on the place task. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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838 |
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Berry, M.P.S |
| Title |
A comparison of different wildlife production enterprises in the northern Cape Province, South Africa |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1986 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. |
| Volume |
16 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
124-128 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2238 |
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Blakeman, N.E.; Friend, T.H. |
| Title |
Visual discrimination at varying distances in Spanish goats |
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1986 |
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Appl Anim Behav Sci |
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16 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Blakeman1986 |
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6251 |
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