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Author Klimov Vv,
Title A spatial- ethological organization of the herd of Przewalski's horses in Askania – Nova Type Journal Article
Year 1985 Publication Abbreviated Journal Zool J
Volume 64 Issue (up) Pages 282-295
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Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no
Call Number Serial 1276
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Author Duncan, P.
Title Time-budgets of Camargue horses III. Environmental influences Type Journal Article
Year 1985 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour
Volume 92 Issue (up) Pages 188-208
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2283
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Author Miller, J.A.
Title Telling a quagga by its stripes. (extinct South African animal) Type Journal Article
Year 1985 Publication Science News Abbreviated Journal Sci. News
Volume 128 Issue (up) Pages 70
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Abstract If, in a mix-up at a costume shop, a couple were issued the front half of a zebra suit and the back half of a horse, it could be considered a quagga disguise. But if the masqueraders were pressed as to whether they were more horse or more zebra, the latest biochemical research advises them to insist on zebra.

The quagga, a South African animal extinct for more than 100 years, has been a source of confusion among taxonomists. Some contend, on the basis of the quagga skins preserved in museums, that this front-striped animal is a zebra, either a fourth zebra species or a variant of the Plains zebra, whose hindquarter stripes are dim. But others have argued that the quagga's teeth and skeleton indicate that its nearest relative is the true horse.

Biochemists joined the fray last year when muscle tissue was obtained from a salt-preserved quagga pelt in a West German museum. The tissue yielded both proteins and genes that could be analyzed (SN:6/9/84, p. 356).

Now the analysis has yielded some results. According to “remarkably concordant” findings on the proteins and on the genes, the quagga was a subspecies of the Plains zebra, says Jerold M. Lowenstein of the University of California at San Francisco. He looked at the binding between a sample of quagga proteins and mixtures of antibodies that bind to blood-serum proteins of each of the extant Equus species. The quagga sample bound more of the antibodies against Plains zebra serum than against the other species. Lowenstein calculates that the quagga relationship with the Plains zebra is six times closer than its relationship with the two other zebra species.

“We had to use special techniques to show the difference,” Lowenstein told SCIENCE NEWS. “There is 99 percent identity on the protein level. All the [Equus] species diverged within the past 5 million years, which is only yesterday in evolutionary terms.”

The quagga-Plains zebra relationship is further supported by the analysis of quagga mitochondrial genes performed by Russell Higuchi and Allan Wilson at the University of California at Berkeley. They find seven times as great a difference between quagga and Mountain zebra DNA as they do between quagga and Plains zebra DNA.

“Stripes, the molecules tell us, do make a zebra,” Lowenstein concludes in the July 18 NEW SCIENTIST, “and the half-striped quagga was a Plains zebra.”
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2375
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Author Moehlman, P.
Title The odd-toed ungulates: order Perrisodactyla Type Book Chapter
Year 1985 Publication Social odours in mammals Abbreviated Journal
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Publisher Oxford University Press Place of Publication Oxford Editor Brown , R.E. ;Macdonald, D.W.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2379
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Author Shanklin , E.
Title Sustenance and Symbol: Anthropological Studies of Domesticated Animals Type Journal Article
Year 1985 Publication Annual Review of Anthropology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 14 Issue (up) Pages 375-403
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Abstract INTRODUCTION Thinking about Animals For nearly as long as anything can be inferred about human cognition, paleoanthropologists and archaeologists believe humans have thought carefully about animals, about the “predominant characteristic” of each animal, and about those “contradictory elements” that make up humankind. This careful thought has had many outcomes, some scientific, others not. Among the scientific outcomes in the 19th century was evolutionary thinking about the causes and consequences of domestication, including Charles Darwin's study (32) of the mechanics of human (artificial) selection of domesticated animal and plant population characteristics. In the 20th century, theoretical refinements and the painstaking collection of empirical data have led to studies of such disparate phenomena as the physical consequences of keeping pets (12); the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria as a result of feeding antibiotics to livestock (117); and the evolutionary consequences of milkdrinking (99). Speculation about the origins of human-animal interaction is not the exclusive province of scientists: religions and storytellers alike customarily try to account for the beginnings of human-animal interaction. Genesis does so
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4256
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Author Vrba, Elisabeth S.
Title Environment and evolution: alternative causes of the temporal distribution of evolutionary events Type Journal Article
Year 1985 Publication South African Journal of Science Abbreviated Journal S Afr J Anim Sci
Volume 81 Issue (up) Pages 229-236
Keywords evolution, paleontology, turnover pulse
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5463
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Author Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Houpt, K.A.
Title Coprophagy by foals: effect of age and possible functions Type Journal Article
Year 1985 Publication Equine veterinary journal Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J
Volume 17 Issue (up) 1 Pages 17-19
Keywords *Aging; Animals; *Coprophagia; Deoxycholic Acid/physiology; Female; Horse Diseases/*physiopathology; Horses; Humans; Male; Pheromones/physiology; Time Factors; Urination
Abstract In colts and fillies observed from birth to 24 weeks old, coprophagy occurred from Weeks 1 to 19. Its frequency was greatest during the first two months. Coprophagy was rarely observed in mares and stallions. Foals usually ate the faeces of their mother but were observed to eat their own and those of a stallion and another unrelated mare. Urination by the foal occurred before, during or after 26 per cent of the coprophagy incidents. It is hypothesised that foals may consume faeces in response to a maternal pheromone which signals the presence of deoxycholic acid or other acids which the foal may be deficient in and which it may require for gut immuno-competence myelination of the nervous system. Such a pheromone may also serve to accelerate growth and sexual maturation. Coprophagy may also provide nutrients and introduce normal bacterial flora to the gut.
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ISSN 0425-1644 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:4038939 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 55
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Author Sufit, E.; Houpt, K.A.; Sweeting, M.
Title Physiological stimuli of thirst and drinking patterns in ponies Type Journal Article
Year 1985 Publication Equine veterinary journal Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J
Volume 17 Issue (up) 1 Pages 12-16
Keywords Animals; Blood Proteins/analysis; Drinking Behavior/drug effects/*physiology; Furosemide/pharmacology; Horses/*physiology; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Osmotic Pressure; Sodium Chloride/pharmacology; Thirst/drug effects/*physiology; Time Factors; Water Deprivation/physiology
Abstract The stimuli that elicit thirst were studied in four ponies. Nineteen hours of water deprivation produced an increase in plasma protein from 67 +/- 0.1 g/litre to 72 +/- 2 g/litre, a mean (+/- se) increase in plasma sodium from 139 +/- 3 to 145 +/- 2 mmol/litre and an increase in plasma osmolality from 297 +/- 1 to 306 +/- 2 mosmol/litre. Undeprived ponies drank 1.5 +/- 0.9 kg/30 mins; 19 h deprived ponies drank 10.2 +/- 2.5 kg/30 mins and corrected the deficits in plasma protein, plasma sodium and plasma osmolality as well as compensating for the water they would have drunk during the deprivation period. In order to determine if an increase in plasma osmolality would stimulate thirst, 250 ml of 15 per cent sodium chloride was infused intravenously. The ponies drank when osmolality increased 3 per cent and when plasma sodium rose from 136 +/- 3 mmol/litre to 143 +/- 3 mmol/litre. Ponies infused with 15 per cent sodium chloride drank 2.9 +/- 0.7 kg; those infused with 0.9 per cent sodium chloride drank 0.7 +/- 0.5 kg. In order to determine if a decrease in plasma volume would stimulate thirst, ponies were injected with 1 or 2 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt) frusemide. Plasma protein rose from 68 +/- 2 g/litre pre-injection to 75 +/- 2 g/litre 1 h after 1 mg/kg bwt frusemide and to 81 +/- 1 g/litre 1 h after 2 mg/kg bwt frusemide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Notes PMID:3979367 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 56
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Author Chase, I.D.
Title The sequential analysis of aggressive acts during hierarchy formation: an application of the `jigsaw puzzle' approach Type Journal Article
Year 1985 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 33 Issue (up) 1 Pages 86-100
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Abstract The `jigsaw puzzle' approach is a general method for investigating how interactions among individuals cumulate to form the overall patterns of dominance behaviour in groups. Here, the model is used to discover how aggressive interactions between pairs of individuals modify subsequent interactions with bystanders or third parties. The model indicates that four sequences of successive, aggressive acts are possible in component triads of larger groups: two ensure transitive attack relationships and two can lead to either transitive or intransitive relationships. An application of the model to 14 groups of four hens demonstrates that the two sequences guaranteeing transitivity make up 77% of all sequences. More specifically, hens attacking one group member usually go on to attack a second member, and hens receiving one attack frequently receive a second attack from a bystander. In contrast, an attacked hen rarely `redirects' an attack to a bystander, and a bystander rarely attacks a group member who has just attacked another individual. The application of the jigsaw puzzle approach to aggressive sequences in other species is discussed. Data available for several primate species corroborate the findings in hens and provide support for the method as a general tool for investigating the proximate mechanisms of hierarchy formation.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 856
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Author Hawkes, J.; Hedges, M.; Daniluk, P.; Hintz, H.F.; Schryver, H.F.
Title Feed preferences of ponies Type Journal Article
Year 1985 Publication Equine Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J
Volume 17 Issue (up) 1 Pages 20-22
Keywords *Animal Feed; Animals; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Female; *Food Preferences; Horses/*physiology; Male
Abstract Preference trials were conducted with mature ponies. In Trial 1, oats were compared with oats plus sucrose. Four of six pony geldings selected oats plus sucrose, but one pony demonstrated a dislike for sucrose and one selected from the bucket on the right side regardless of content. Oats, maize, barley, rye and wheat were compared in Trial 2 using six mature pony mares. Oats were the preferred grain, with maize and barley ranking second and third respectively. Wheat and rye were the least preferred. Even though the ponies demonstrated preference, the total intake at a given meal was not greatly depressed when only the less palatable grains were fed. In Trial 3, pony mares selected a diet containing 20 per cent dried distillers' grain and 80 per cent of a basal mixed diet of maize, oats, wheat bran, soybean meal, limestone and molasses over 100 per cent basal mixed diet, but selected the basal diet over diets containing 20 per cent blood meal, beet pulp or meat and bone meal and 80 per cent basal diet. They did not differentiate against diets containing 20 per cent alfalfa meal or 10 or 5 per cent meat and bone meal when the diets were compared to the basal mixed diet.
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ISSN 0425-1644 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:3979369 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2298
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