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Author (up) Laut, J.E.; Houpt, K.A.; Hintz, H.F.; Houpt, T.R. openurl 
  Title The effects of caloric dilution on meal patterns and food intake of ponies Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Physiology & behavior Abbreviated Journal Physiol. Behav.  
  Volume 35 Issue 4 Pages 549-554  
  Keywords Animals; Body Weight; *Diet; Energy Intake; *Feeding Behavior; Homeostasis; Horses/*physiology; Male  
  Abstract In order to determine if horses will increase their intake in response to caloric dilution, four pony geldings were fed ad lib a mixed grain diet either undiluted (3.4 Mcal/kg of digestible energy) or diluted (wt/wt) with 25% sawdust (2.6 Mcal/kg) or with 50% sawdust (1.7 Mcal/kg). The mean daily caloric intake was 17,457 kcal (3.4 Mcal diet), 17,546 kcal (2.6 Mcal diet) and 12,844 kcal (1.7 Mcal). The mean time spent eating was 246 (3.4 Mcal), 351 (2.6 Mcal), and 408 (1.7 Mcal) minutes/day. Meal size increased and meal frequency decreased with increasing dilution. The median long survivorships of intermeal intervals were 6.4 min (3.4 Mcal), 3.95 min (2.6 Mcal) and 4.91 min (1.7 Mcal). Ponies responded to caloric dilution by increasing the volume of intake to maintain caloric intake when the diet had 25% diluent. When the diet was diluted by 50%, intake was increased, but not at a rate adequate to maintain caloric intake. However, the ponies were able to maintain body weight.  
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  ISSN 0031-9384 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:4070429 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 52  
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Author (up) Lowenstein Jm, openurl 
  Title Half- striped quagga was a plains zebra Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Abbreviated Journal New Scientist  
  Volume 107 Issue Pages 27  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1351  
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Author (up) Lowenstein Jm, openurl 
  Title The cry of the quagga Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Abbreviated Journal Counterpoints in Science  
  Volume Issue Pages 40-42  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1352  
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Author (up) Lowenstein Jm, R.O. openurl 
  Title Immunological systematics of the extinct quagga Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Abbreviated Journal Experienta  
  Volume 41 Issue Pages 1192-1193  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1353  
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Author (up) Matsuzawa, T. openurl 
  Title Use of numbers by a chimpanzee Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume 315 Issue 6014 Pages 57-59  
  Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition; Female; Mathematics; Pan troglodytes/*physiology  
  Abstract Recent studies have examined linguistic abilities in apes. However, although human mathematical abilities seem to be derived from the same foundation as those in language, we have little evidence for mathematical abilities in apes (but for exceptions see refs 7-10). In the present study, a 5-yr-old female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), 'Ai', was trained to use Arabic numerals to name the number of items in a display. Ai mastered numerical naming from one to six and was able to name the number, colour and object of 300 types of samples. Although no particular sequence of describing samples was required, the chimpanzee favoured two sequences (colour/object/number and object/colour/number). The present study demonstrates that the chimpanzee was able to describe the three attributes of the sample items and spontaneously organized the 'word order'.  
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  ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:3990808 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2793  
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Author (up) McGonigle, B. openurl 
  Title Can apes learn to count? Type
  Year 1985 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume 315 Issue 6014 Pages 16-17  
  Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition; Pan troglodytes/*physiology  
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  Notes PMID:3990806 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2794  
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Author (up) Miller, J.A. url  openurl
  Title Telling a quagga by its stripes. (extinct South African animal) Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Science News Abbreviated Journal Sci. News  
  Volume 128 Issue Pages 70  
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  Abstract If, in a mix-up at a costume shop, a couple were issued the front half of a zebra suit and the back half of a horse, it could be considered a quagga disguise. But if the masqueraders were pressed as to whether they were more horse or more zebra, the latest biochemical research advises them to insist on zebra.

The quagga, a South African animal extinct for more than 100 years, has been a source of confusion among taxonomists. Some contend, on the basis of the quagga skins preserved in museums, that this front-striped animal is a zebra, either a fourth zebra species or a variant of the Plains zebra, whose hindquarter stripes are dim. But others have argued that the quagga's teeth and skeleton indicate that its nearest relative is the true horse.

Biochemists joined the fray last year when muscle tissue was obtained from a salt-preserved quagga pelt in a West German museum. The tissue yielded both proteins and genes that could be analyzed (SN:6/9/84, p. 356).

Now the analysis has yielded some results. According to “remarkably concordant” findings on the proteins and on the genes, the quagga was a subspecies of the Plains zebra, says Jerold M. Lowenstein of the University of California at San Francisco. He looked at the binding between a sample of quagga proteins and mixtures of antibodies that bind to blood-serum proteins of each of the extant Equus species. The quagga sample bound more of the antibodies against Plains zebra serum than against the other species. Lowenstein calculates that the quagga relationship with the Plains zebra is six times closer than its relationship with the two other zebra species.

“We had to use special techniques to show the difference,” Lowenstein told SCIENCE NEWS. “There is 99 percent identity on the protein level. All the [Equus] species diverged within the past 5 million years, which is only yesterday in evolutionary terms.”

The quagga-Plains zebra relationship is further supported by the analysis of quagga mitochondrial genes performed by Russell Higuchi and Allan Wilson at the University of California at Berkeley. They find seven times as great a difference between quagga and Mountain zebra DNA as they do between quagga and Plains zebra DNA.

“Stripes, the molecules tell us, do make a zebra,” Lowenstein concludes in the July 18 NEW SCIENTIST, “and the half-striped quagga was a Plains zebra.”		  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2375  
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Author (up) Mitchell, C.J.; Darsie, R.F.J.; Monath, T.P.; Sabattini, M.S.; Daffner, J. openurl 
  Title The use of an animal-baited net trap for collecting mosquitoes during western equine encephalitis investigations in Argentina Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association Abbreviated Journal J Am Mosq Control Assoc  
  Volume 1 Issue 1 Pages 43-47  
  Keywords Animals; Argentina; *Culicidae/classification; Disease Outbreaks/veterinary; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/transmission/*veterinary; Entomology/*instrumentation; Equipment Design; Horse Diseases/*transmission; Horses; *Insect Vectors; Population Surveillance  
  Abstract A large net trap was used to sample mosquito populations attracted to horses at three sites each in Santa Fe and Rio Negro Provinces, Argentina, during the austral summer of 1984. These provinces, as well as others in Argentina, were affected by a severe epizootic of western equine encephalitis (WEE) during 1982-83. Totals of 2,752 and 6,929 mosquitoes were collected in Santa Fe and Rio Negro Provinces during five and three trap nights, respectively. Culex mosquitoes of the subgenus Culex were predominant (45.8% of total) in the Santa Fe collections, although Aedes albifasciatus also was prevalent (21.7%). The latter species was predominant (95.7% of total) in the Rio Negro collections. The mosquito fauna was less complex (minimum of 6 species) in Rio Negro Province as compared to Santa Fe Province (minimum of 18 species). The advantages of the net trap indicate that this trap can become a useful tool in arbovirus ecology studies in other areas.  
  Address Division of Vector-Borne Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Fort Collins, CO 80522-2087  
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  ISSN 8756-971X ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:2906656 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2686  
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Author (up) Moehlman, P. openurl 
  Title The odd-toed ungulates: order Perrisodactyla Type Book Chapter
  Year 1985 Publication Social odours in mammals Abbreviated Journal  
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  Publisher Oxford University Press Place of Publication Oxford Editor Brown , R.E. ;Macdonald, D.W.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2379  
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Author (up) Packer, C.; Pusey, A. E. openurl 
  Title Asymmetric contests in social mammals: respect, manipulation and age-specific aspects Type Book Chapter
  Year 1985 Publication Evolution: Essays in Honour of John Maynard Smith Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 173-86  
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  Publisher Camebridge University Press Place of Publication Camebridge Editor Greenwood, P.J.; Slatkin, M.;  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 819  
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