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| Author |
McFarland, D.J. |
| Title |
Roger L. Mellgren, Editor, Animal Cognition and Behavior, North-Holland, Amsterdam (1983), p. xi |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1984 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
32 |
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2 |
Pages |
634-635 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2925 |
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| Author |
Anderson JR |
| Title |
The development of self-recognition: a review |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1984 |
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Dev. Psychobiol. |
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17 |
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35 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2977 |
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| Author |
Boesch C; Boesch H |
| Title |
Possible causes of sex differences in the use of natural hammers by wild chimpanzees |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1984 |
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J. Hum. Evol. |
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13 |
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415 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2981 |
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| Author |
Boesch C; Boesch H |
| Title |
Mental maps in wild chimpanzees: an analysis of hammer transports for nut cracking |
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Journal Article |
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1984 |
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Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
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25 |
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160 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2982 |
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| Author |
Cho, K.C.; Chan, K.K. |
| Title |
Kinetics of cold-induced denaturation of metmyoglobin |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1984 |
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Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology |
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786 |
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1-2 |
Pages |
103-108 |
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Metmyoglobin denaturation; Temperature jump; Denaturation kinetics; Conformational transformation; (Horse heart) |
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Using a slow temperature-jump spectrophotometer, we have studied the kinetics of cold-induced denaturation of metmyoglobin between 0[degree sign]C and 20[degree sign]C at acidic pH. The time-scale of the transition is slow and is of the order of minutes. The results are consistent with the transition's involving a total of three states, native (N), transient intermediate (I) and denatured (D), which are converted from one to the other in that order. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3978 |
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| Author |
Andersson, M. |
| Title |
Producers and Scroungers |
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Miscellaneous |
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1984 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4879 |
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| Author |
Teas, J. |
| Title |
Female Primates: Studies by Women Primatologists |
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Miscellaneous |
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1984 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4897 |
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| Author |
Kacelnik, A.; Houston, A.I. |
| Title |
Some effects of energy costs on foraging strategies |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
32 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
609-614 |
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We consider the effect of including energy costs on the optimal strategy for animals exploiting a depleting food resource. In the context of central place foraging this leads to the problem of what load size should be brought back to the central place. Two strategies are discussed: (i) maximize gross rate of energy delivery and (ii) maximize net rate of energy delivery. The optimal load size (or optimal patch time) for net maximizers is not always larger than for gross maximizers, as has been claimed. Instead, the difference in optimal load size has the same sign as the difference between metabolic rates of travelling and foraging. We point out that the influence of costs has not always been correctly incorporated in experimental tests of the theory. |
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2122 |
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| Author |
Wolff, P.R.; Powell, A.J. |
| Title |
Urine patterns in mice: An analysis of male/female counter-marking |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
32 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1185-1191 |
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Counter-marking in mice, Mus musculus was investigated by analysing urine deposition on filter paper marked asymmetrically with urine of the opposite sex. Intact males deposited large numbers of urine spots with a marked angular bias towards previously marked quadrants. More spots were deposited on proestrous and ovariectomized donor urine patterns, their distribution being more centrifugal on oestrous urine and more centripetal in quadrants containing a large female urine spot in a central position. In contrast, castrated male mice deposited very few spots with no angular bias. Female urine patterns showed angular bias in response to intact, but not castrated male donor urine, a larger number of spots being produced by oestrous females. Thus the pattern of deposition offers scope for two-way communication of information about reproductive potential. |
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2144 |
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| Author |
Penzhorn, B.L. |
| Title |
A Long-term Study of Social Organisation and Behaviour of Cape Mountain Zebras Equus zebra zebra |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |
Abbreviated Journal |
Z. Tierpsychol. |
| Volume |
64 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
97-146 |
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Abstract and Summary 1. The social structure of Cape mountain zebras consists of breeding herds and bachelor groups. The breeding herds, which comprise 1 stallion, 1–5 mares and their offspring, remain stable over many years. When the stallion is displaced by another the mares usually remain together, although some herds split up. A dominance hierarchy exists, but leadership is not confined to the dominant member. Foals leave their maternal herds at a mean age of 21.9 months. The herd stallion tries to prevent foals from leaving the herd.2. Bachelor groups are not as rigidly structured as breeding herds but core groups could be identified through a Principal Components Analysis. Family ties may be important in the establishment of core groups. Bachelors succeed in becoming herd stallions when ca. 5 years old.3. The recipient of a threat moving away seems to be an adequate response. Submissive behaviour was only recorded in bachelors. Fighting is rare, with biting as an important element. Compared to plains zebras, sounds made in communication are limited. Social grooming mainly occurs between mare and foal. Grooming intention movements may be an appeasement gesture.4. An oestrus mare assumes a characteristic posture. Flehmen occurs. Urine and faeces of oestrus mares are often marked by the stallion. This cannot be explained functionally and is not restricted to eliminations of oestrus mares. Penis erection and jerking by resting stallions could serve as a warning signal, but may be masturbatory.5. The herd stallion actively herds members of his herd and reduces intraherd antagonism by means of threats. He usually leads when the herd goes to drink and brings up the rear when the herd moves away from danger.6. Play was rarely recorded.7. A challenge ritual is performed when herd stallions meet. When challenged by a herd stallion, a bachelor is submissive.8. Foals initially remain close to their mothers and have to learn the correct orientation when suckling. A single adoption was recorded.9. Individuals apparently recognise each other after long periods.10. Cape mountain zebras react to alarm signals of antelopes.11. The greater part of the day is devoted to grazing. A significantly greater percentage of the day is spent resting in winter than in summer. Cape mountain zebras mainly stand while resting, but resting in sternal or lateral recumbency also occurs. Defaecation and urination occurs throughout the day with no definite peaks.12. Grooming consists of localized muscle contractions, shaking, striking one part of the body against another or against the ground, rubbing, dust-bathing, scratching and nibbling.13. In cold weather, Cape mountain zebras seek shelter in wooded kloofs. Zusammenfassung * 1Bergzebras bilden Familien und Junggesellengruppen. Familien bestehen aus einem Hengst, 1–5 Stuten und deren Nachwuchs. Harems bleiben jahrelang unverändert. Wird der Hengst verdrängt, so bleiben die Stuten meist zusammen. Es besteht eine Rangordnung, doch führt nicht nur das dominante Tier. Fohlen verlassen die Familie mit durchschnittlich 21,9 Monaten. Der Familienhengst versucht, die Fohlen am Weggehen zu hindern. * 2Junggesellengruppen sind nicht so fest strukturiert wie die Familien, doch lassen sich Kerngruppen durch Hauptkomponentenanalyse identifizieren. Familienbeziehungen können für das Entstehen soldier Kerngruppen wichtig sein. Junggesellen können im Alter von ungefähr 5 Jahren Familienhengste werden. * 3Flucht ist offenbar die ausreichende Reaktion auf Drohung. Unterwürfiges Verhalten wurde nur bei Junggesellen beobachtet. Kämpfe sieht man selten. Bergzebras haben weniger Kommunikationslaute als Steppenzebras. Soziale Hautpflege findet meist zwischen Stute und Fohlen statt. PflegeIntentionsbewegungen können zur Streitschlichtung benutzt werden. * 4Rossige Stuten nehmen eine charakteristische Stellung ein. Flehmen kommt vor. Harn und Kot rossiger Stuten werden oft vom Hengst markiert. Erektion des Penis mit Zuckungen beim ruhenden Hengst kann entweder als Warnsignal oder als Masturbation gedeutet werden. * 5Der Hengst herdet die Mitglieder seiner Familie und bremst innerfamiliäre Aggression durch Drohen. Gewöhnlich führt er die Familie zur Tränke und verläßt als Letzter die Gefahrenzone. * 6Spielen wurde selten beobachtet. * 7Wenn Familienhengste sich treffen, findet ein Herausforderungs-Ritual statt. Junggesellen reagieren unterwürfig, wenn sie so herausgefordert werden. * 8Fohlen bleiben anfangs nahe bei der Mutter. Sie müssen die richtige Orientierung beim Säugen erlernen. Eine Adoption wurde registriert. * 9Individuen scheinen sich nach langer Zeit wiederzuerkennen. * 10Bergzebras reagieren auf die Alarmsignale von Antilopen. * 11Der größte Teil des Tages wird zum Grasen gebraucht. Im Winter gibt es signifikant längere Ruheperioden als im Sommer. Bergzebras ruhen meist stehend. Exkremente werden den ganzen Tag über ausgeschieden. Zur Körperpflege gehören örtliche Muskelkontraktionen, Schütteln, Schlagen eines Körperteils gegen einen anderen oder gegen den Boden, Reiben, Staubbaden, Kratzen und Knabbern. * 12Bei kaltem Wetter suchen Bergzebras in bewaldeten Schluchten Schutz. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1439-0310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5339 |
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