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Author |
Lloyd P, |
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Title |
The Cape Mountain Zebra 1984 |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1984 |
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Afr Wildl |
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38 |
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144-149 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1347 |
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Author |
Keiper, R.; Houpt, K. |
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Title |
Reproduction in feral horses: an eight-year study |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1984 |
Publication |
American journal of veterinary research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Vet Res |
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Volume |
45 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
991-995 |
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Keywords |
Abortion, Veterinary/epidemiology; Anestrus; Animal Population Groups/*physiology; Animals; Animals, Wild/*physiology; Birth Rate; Female; Fertility; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses/*physiology; Lactation; Male; Maryland; Pregnancy; *Reproduction; Seasons; Sex Ratio; Virginia |
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Abstract |
The reproductive rate and foal survival of the free-ranging ponies on Assateague Island National Seashore were studied for 8 years, 1975 to 1982. Most (52%) of the 86 foals were born in May, 13% were born in April, 22.6% in June, 10.4% in July, and less than 1% in August and September. The mean foaling rate was 57.1 +/- 3.9% and the survival rate was 88.3 +/- 3.6%. Forty-eight colts and 55 fillies were born (sex ratio 53% female). Mares less than 3 years old did not foal and the foaling rate of 3-year-old mares was only 23%, that of 4-year-old mares was 46%, that of 5-year-old mares was 53%, and 6-year-old mares was 69%. The relatively poor reproduction rate was believed to be a consequence of the stress of lactating while carrying a foal when forage quality on the island was low. The hypothesis was supported by the higher reproductive rate (74.4 +/- 2.4%) of the ponies in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge on the southern part of the island. Their foals are weaned and sold in July each year. Despite the low reproductive rate on Assateague Island National Seashore , the number of ponies increased from 43 to 80, a 90% increase in the 8-year period or greater than 10%/yr. There were 24 deaths and 8 dispersals from the study area. |
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English |
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0002-9645 |
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PMID:6732036 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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665 |
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Author |
DUNCAN P et al, |
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Title |
Reduction of inbreeding in a natural herd of horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1984 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Anim Beh av |
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Volume |
32 |
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Pages |
520-527 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1034 |
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Author |
Kacelnik, A.; Houston, A.I. |
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Title |
Some effects of energy costs on foraging strategies |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
32 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
609-614 |
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Abstract |
We consider the effect of including energy costs on the optimal strategy for animals exploiting a depleting food resource. In the context of central place foraging this leads to the problem of what load size should be brought back to the central place. Two strategies are discussed: (i) maximize gross rate of energy delivery and (ii) maximize net rate of energy delivery. The optimal load size (or optimal patch time) for net maximizers is not always larger than for gross maximizers, as has been claimed. Instead, the difference in optimal load size has the same sign as the difference between metabolic rates of travelling and foraging. We point out that the influence of costs has not always been correctly incorporated in experimental tests of the theory. |
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2122 |
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Author |
Wolff, P.R.; Powell, A.J. |
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Title |
Urine patterns in mice: An analysis of male/female counter-marking |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1984 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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32 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1185-1191 |
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Abstract |
Counter-marking in mice, Mus musculus was investigated by analysing urine deposition on filter paper marked asymmetrically with urine of the opposite sex. Intact males deposited large numbers of urine spots with a marked angular bias towards previously marked quadrants. More spots were deposited on proestrous and ovariectomized donor urine patterns, their distribution being more centrifugal on oestrous urine and more centripetal in quadrants containing a large female urine spot in a central position. In contrast, castrated male mice deposited very few spots with no angular bias. Female urine patterns showed angular bias in response to intact, but not castrated male donor urine, a larger number of spots being produced by oestrous females. Thus the pattern of deposition offers scope for two-way communication of information about reproductive potential. |
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2144 |
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Author |
McFarland, D.J. |
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Title |
Roger L. Mellgren, Editor, Animal Cognition and Behavior, North-Holland, Amsterdam (1983), p. xi |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1984 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
32 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
634-635 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2925 |
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Author |
Sherry, D.F.; Galef Jr, B.G. |
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Title |
Cultural transmission without imitation: Milk bottle opening by birds |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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32 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
937-938 |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5611 |
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Author |
Sato, S. |
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Title |
Social licking pattern and its relationships to social dominance and live weight gain in weaned calves |
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1984 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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12 |
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1 |
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25-32 |
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Social licking patterns of heifer and steer herds were observed and recorded during periods of resting and intermittent feeding. The results revealed the following features: (1) heifers and steers had 15.0 and 15.2 social licking interactions per hour which lasted for 37.8 and 41.0 s on average, respectively. The average time an animal spent licking was about 25 s per hour; (2) all the animals in the herds were licked by others, but only 72.3% of the animals licked other animals; (3) the animals close in the social hierarchy tended to lick each other for a longer time than did remote animals; (4) the time receiving l licking and weight gain tended to be positively correlated. The observations suggest that (1) the motivation of giving licking may be individual-specific and may be influenced by genetic factors, while that of receiving licking appears to be general, and that (2) social licking may mean not only cleaning the skin and hair of a passive partner, but also leading it to psychological stability. |
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Elsevier |
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0168-1591 |
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doi: 10.1016/0168-1591(84)90093-5 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6407 |
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Author |
Eisenmann V, |
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Title |
Sur quelques caractères adaptatifs du squelette d`Equus et leurs implications paléoécologiques Bull |
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1984 |
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Bull Mus natn Hist nat Paris |
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6 |
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185-195 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1054 |
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Author |
BAGTACHE B et al, |
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Title |
Paläontologie – Présence d`un Equus cacallin et d`une autre espéce nouvelle d`Equus dans l`Aterien des Allobroges, Agérie |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1984 |
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C R Acad Sc Paris |
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298 |
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609-612 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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913 |
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