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Author Carson, K.; Wood-Gush, D.G.M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Equine behaviour: I. A review of the literature on social and dam--Foal behaviour Type Journal Article
  Year 1983 Publication Applied Animal Ethology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 10 Issue 3 Pages 165-178  
  Keywords  
  Abstract In most cases, the social organisation of each of the seven species of Equidae existing today outside captivity is either territorial or non-territorial. The striking differences found between these two types of organisation in the social grouping and bonds, mating behaviour, leadership and dominance hierarchies of the animals are examined. It is thought that the non-territorial species show a less primitive type of organisation than the territorial animals. Infant Equidae are precocious animals and are able to follow their dams soon after birth. They stay close by their dams and travel with the herd from an early age and are therefore classified as “followers”, in contrast to the species which have a period of hiding after birth. Dams recognise their foals immediately after birth, whereas it takes 2 or 3 days for a foal to form an attachment to its dam. Being in close proximity to their dams, foals are able to nurse frequently and, unless artificially weaned, a foal will nurse until its dam foals again. Foals start to graze during their first week and as they grow older they spend more time grazing and less time nursing and resting. It is normal for foals to be corprophagic until one month old, and this provides them with bacteria essential for the digestion of fibre. Play behaviour is solitary in very young foals, but after 4 weeks of age, foals play together, with male foals playing more than females and showing more aggressive, fighting movements in play.  
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  ISSN 0304-3762 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6671  
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Author Heffner, R.S.; Heffner, H.E. doi  openurl
  Title Hearing in large mammals: Horses (Equus caballus) and cattle (Bos taurus) Type Journal Article
  Year 1983 Publication Behavioral Neuroscience Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 97 Issue 2 Pages 299-309  
  Keywords auditory range & sensitivity, horses vs cattle  
  Abstract Determined behavioral audiograms for 3 horses and 2 cows. Horses' hearing ranged from 55 Hz to 33.3 kHz, with a region of best sensitivity from 1 to 16 kHz. Cattle hearing ranged from 23 Hz to 35 kHz, with a well-defined point of best sensitivity at 8 kHz. Of the 2 species, cattle proved to have more acute hearing, with a lowest threshold of –21 db (re 20 μN/m–2) compared with the horses' lowest threshold of 7 db. Comparative analysis of the hearing abilities of these 2 species with those of other mammals provides further support for the relation between interaural distance and high-frequency hearing and between high- and low-frequency hearing. (39 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher American Psychological Association Place of Publication Us Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1939-0084(Electronic);0735-7044(Print) ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ 1983-29540-001 Serial 5633  
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Author KAUFMANN, J. H. doi  openurl
  Title ON THE DEFINITIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF DOMINANCE AND TERRITORIALITY Type Journal Article
  Year 1983 Publication Biological Reviews Abbreviated Journal Biol Rev  
  Volume 58 Issue 1 Pages 1-20  
  Keywords  
  Abstract 1. Dominance/subordinance is a relationship between two individuals in which one defers to the other in contest situations. Each such relationship represents an adaptive compromise for each individual in which the benefits and costs of giving in or not giving in are compared. Familiar associates in groups or neighbours on nearby territories may develop relatively stable dominant-subordinate relationships based on individual recognition. Although the aggressive aspects of dominance are usually emphasized, the less conspicuous actions of the subordinate individual are actually more important in maintaining a stable relationship. 2. In evolutionary terms, dominance essentially equals priority of access to resources in short supply. Usually the subordinate, who would probably lose in combat anyway, is better off to bide its time until better able to compete at another time or another place. Both individuals save time, energy, and the risk of injury by recognizing and abiding by an established dominant-subordinate relationship. 3. Dominance can be either absolute or predictably reversible in different locations or at different times. Of the various forms of dominance behaviour, rank hierarchies and territoriality represent the two extremes of absolute and relative dominance, respectively. A dominance hierarchy is the sum total of the adaptive compromises made between individuals in an aggregation or organized group. Many animals seem to be capable of both absolute and relative dominance, and within species-specific limits the balance may shift toward one or the other. High density, or a decrease in available resources, favours a shift from relative to absolute dominance. Some species may exhibit both simultaneously. Social mammals may have intra-group hierarchies and reciprocal territoriality between groups, while the males of lek species may exhibit 'polarized territoriality' by defending small individual territories, with the most dominant males holding the central territories where most of the mating takes place. 4. Territoriality is a form of space-related dominance. Most biologists agree that its most important function is to provide the territory holder with an assured supply of critical resources. Territoriality is selected for only when the individual's genetic fitness is increased because its increased access to resources outweighs the time, energy, and injury costs of territorial behaviour. 5. Territoriality was first defined narrowly as an area from which conspecifics are excluded by overt defence or advertisement. The definition has been variously expanded to include all more or less exclusive areas without regard to possible defence, and finally to include all areas in which the owner is dominant. I define territory as a fixed portion of an individual's or group's range in which it has priority of access to one or more critical resources over others who have priority elsewhere or at another time. This priority of access must be achieved through social interaction. 6. My definition excludes dominance over individual space and moving resources, and includes areas of exclusive use maintained by mutual avoidance. It differs from most other definitions in its explicit recognition of time as a territorial parameter and its rejection of exclusivity and overt defence as necessary components of territorial behaviour. There is an indivisible continuum of degrees of trespass onto territories, and functionally it is priority of access to resources that is important rather than exclusive occupancy. 7. There is a similarly indivisible continuum in the intensity of behaviour needed to achieve priority of access to resources. Deciding whether or not an exclusive area is defended leads to the pointless exercise of trying to decide which cues indicating the owner's presence are conspicuous enough to merit being called defence. Concentrating on overt defence emphasizes the aggressive aspects of territorial behaviour rather than the equally or more important submissive aspects such as passive avoidance.  
  Address Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5101  
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Author Horrocks, J.A.; Hunte, W. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Rank Relations in Vervet Sisters: A Critique of the Role of Reproductive Value Type Journal Article
  Year 1983 Publication The American Naturalist Abbreviated Journal Am. Nat.  
  Volume 122 Issue Pages 417-421  
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  Notes 10.1086/284144 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4903  
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Author Kiley-Worthington, M. openurl 
  Title Stereotypies in horses Type Journal Article
  Year 1983 Publication Equine Practice Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 5 Issue Pages 34-40  
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  Notes Cited By (since 1996): 17; Export Date: 24 October 2008 Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ knut @ Serial 4602  
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Author Heffner, H.E.; Heffner, R.S. openurl 
  Title The hearing ability of horses Type Journal Article
  Year 1983 Publication Equine Pract Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 5 Issue Pages 27-32  
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  Notes Cited By (since 1996): 2; Export Date: 21 October 2008 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4520  
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Author Markworth, P. isbn  openurl
  Title Sportmedizin: Physiologische Grundlagen Type Book Whole
  Year 1983 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Rowohlt Place of Publication Reinbek Editor  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN 9783499170492 Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4445  
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Author Moss, C.J.; Poole, J.H. isbn  openurl
  Title Relationships and social structure in African elephants. Type Book Chapter
  Year 1983 Publication Primate social relationships: an integrated approach. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Blackwell Science Ltd Place of Publication Editor Hinde, R.A.  
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  ISSN ISBN 978-0632009992 Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4426  
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Author Berger, J. openurl 
  Title Induced abortion and social factors in wild horses Type Journal Article
  Year 1983 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume 303 Issue 5912 Pages 59-61  
  Keywords Abortion, Induced/*veterinary; Abortion, Veterinary/*etiology; Aggression/physiology; Animals; Evolution; Female; Horses/*physiology; Humans; Pregnancy; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology  
  Abstract Much evidence now suggests that the postnatal killing of young in primates and carnivores, and induced abortions in some rodents, are evolved traits exerting strong selective pressures on adult male and female behaviour. Among ungulates it is perplexing that either no species have developed convergent tactics or that these behaviours are not reported, especially as ungulates have social systems similar to those of members of the above groups. Only in captive horses (Equus caballus) has infant killing been reported. It has been estimated that 40,000 wild horses live in remote areas of the Great Basin Desert of North America (US Department of Interior (Bureau of Land Management), unpublished report), where they occur in harems (females and young) defended by males. Here I present evidence that, rather than killing infants directly, invading males induce abortions in females unprotected by their resident stallions and these females are then inseminated by the new males.  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:6682487 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4365  
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Author Appleby, M.C. url  doi
openurl 
  Title The probability of linearity in hierarchies Type Journal Article
  Year 1983 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 31 Issue 2 Pages 600-608  
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  Abstract The common practice of ranking a group of animals in the closest possible order to a linear dominance hierarchy assumes that dominance among those animals is generally transitive. In fact, analysis of groups in which dominance relationships are random shows that this method has a surprisingly high probability of producing an apparently linear or near-linear hierarchy by chance. As such, the existence of transitive dominance should be tested before it is used in ranking. A suitable statistical test is described here. Chance may also contribute to the linear appearance of hierarchies based on other factors.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4286  
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