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	Author	Hogan, D.E.; Zentall, T.R.; Pace, G.
	Title	Control of pigeons' matching-to-sample performance by differential sample response requirements			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	The American journal of psychology	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Psychol
	Volume	96	Issue	1	Pages	37-49
	Keywords	Animals; Association; Color Perception; Columbidae; Cues; Discrimination Learning; Reinforcement Schedule; Time Factors
	Abstract	Pigeons were trained on a matching-to-sample task in which sample hue and required sample-specific observing behavior provided redundant, relevant cues for correct choices. On trials that involved red and yellow hues as comparison stimuli, a fixed-ratio 16 schedule (FR 16) was required to illuminate the comparisons when the sample was red, and a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates 3-sec schedule (DRL 3-sec) was required when the sample was yellow. On trials involving blue and green hues as comparison stimuli, an FR 16 schedule was required when the sample was blue and a DRL 3-sec schedule was required when the sample was green. For some pigeons, a 0-sec delay intervened between sample offset and comparison onset, whereas other pigeons experienced a random mixture of 0-sec and 2-sec delay trials. Test trial performance at 0-sec delay indicated that sample-specific behavior controlled choice performance considerably more than sample hue did. Test performance was independent of whether original training involved all 0-sec delay trials or a mixture of 0-sec and 2-sec delays. Sample-specific observing response requirements appear to facilitate pigeons' matching-to-sample performance by strengthening associations between the observing response and correct choice.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9556	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6859346			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	265
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	Author	Horrocks, J.A.; Hunte, W.
	Title	Rank Relations in Vervet Sisters: A Critique of the Role of Reproductive Value			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	The American Naturalist	Abbreviated Journal	Am. Nat.
	Volume	122	Issue		Pages	417-421
	Keywords
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	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1086/284144			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4903
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	Author	Java Rl,
	Title	Census of wild Ass			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Tigerpaper
	Volume	10	Issue		Pages	23
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1218
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	Author	Kaseda Y,
	Title	Seasonal changes in the home range and the size of harem groups of Misaki horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Jpn J Zootech Sci
	Volume	54	Issue		Pages	254-262
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1234
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	Author	Kaseda Y,
	Title	Seasonal changes in time spent grazing and resting of Misaki horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Jpn J Zootechn Sci
	Volume	54	Issue		Pages	464-469
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1235
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	Author	Kaseda Y,
	Title	Seasonal variations in heart rate and body temperature of Misaki horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Proc Vth Wid Conf Anim Prod
	Volume	2	Issue		Pages	765-766
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1236
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	Author	KAUFMANN, J. H.
	Title	ON THE DEFINITIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF DOMINANCE AND TERRITORIALITY			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	Biological Reviews	Abbreviated Journal	Biol Rev
	Volume	58	Issue	1	Pages	1-20
	Keywords
	Abstract	1. Dominance/subordinance is a relationship between two individuals in which one defers to the other in contest situations. Each such relationship represents an adaptive compromise for each individual in which the benefits and costs of giving in or not giving in are compared. Familiar associates in groups or neighbours on nearby territories may develop relatively stable dominant-subordinate relationships based on individual recognition. Although the aggressive aspects of dominance are usually emphasized, the less conspicuous actions of the subordinate individual are actually more important in maintaining a stable relationship. 2. In evolutionary terms, dominance essentially equals priority of access to resources in short supply. Usually the subordinate, who would probably lose in combat anyway, is better off to bide its time until better able to compete at another time or another place. Both individuals save time, energy, and the risk of injury by recognizing and abiding by an established dominant-subordinate relationship. 3. Dominance can be either absolute or predictably reversible in different locations or at different times. Of the various forms of dominance behaviour, rank hierarchies and territoriality represent the two extremes of absolute and relative dominance, respectively. A dominance hierarchy is the sum total of the adaptive compromises made between individuals in an aggregation or organized group. Many animals seem to be capable of both absolute and relative dominance, and within species-specific limits the balance may shift toward one or the other. High density, or a decrease in available resources, favours a shift from relative to absolute dominance. Some species may exhibit both simultaneously. Social mammals may have intra-group hierarchies and reciprocal territoriality between groups, while the males of lek species may exhibit 'polarized territoriality' by defending small individual territories, with the most dominant males holding the central territories where most of the mating takes place. 4. Territoriality is a form of space-related dominance. Most biologists agree that its most important function is to provide the territory holder with an assured supply of critical resources. Territoriality is selected for only when the individual's genetic fitness is increased because its increased access to resources outweighs the time, energy, and injury costs of territorial behaviour. 5. Territoriality was first defined narrowly as an area from which conspecifics are excluded by overt defence or advertisement. The definition has been variously expanded to include all more or less exclusive areas without regard to possible defence, and finally to include all areas in which the owner is dominant. I define territory as a fixed portion of an individual's or group's range in which it has priority of access to one or more critical resources over others who have priority elsewhere or at another time. This priority of access must be achieved through social interaction. 6. My definition excludes dominance over individual space and moving resources, and includes areas of exclusive use maintained by mutual avoidance. It differs from most other definitions in its explicit recognition of time as a territorial parameter and its rejection of exclusivity and overt defence as necessary components of territorial behaviour. There is an indivisible continuum of degrees of trespass onto territories, and functionally it is priority of access to resources that is important rather than exclusive occupancy. 7. There is a similarly indivisible continuum in the intensity of behaviour needed to achieve priority of access to resources. Deciding whether or not an exclusive area is defended leads to the pointless exercise of trying to decide which cues indicating the owner's presence are conspicuous enough to merit being called defence. Concentrating on overt defence emphasizes the aggressive aspects of territorial behaviour rather than the equally or more important submissive aspects such as passive avoidance.
	Address	Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A.
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5101
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	Author	Kiley-Worthington, M.
	Title	Stereotypies in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	Equine Practice	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	5	Issue		Pages	34-40
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	Notes	Cited By (since 1996): 17; Export Date: 24 October 2008			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ knut @			Serial	4602
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	Author	Kirkpatrick, J. F.; Turner, J. W.
	Title	Seasonal ovarian function in feral mares: seasonal patterns of LH, progestins and estrogens in feral mares			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	Journal of Equine Veterinary Science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Equine Vet. Sci.
	Volume	3	Issue	4	Pages	113-118
	Keywords
	Abstract	Blood was collected every 3 days for 13 months from 4 captured [female][female] of proven fertility kept adjacent to a teaser stallion. Basal plasma LH level was greater during Apr.-July (8.1+or-0.5 ng/ml) than during Nov.-Jan. (2.2+or-0.2). A total for 21 LH peaks occurred between 13 Apr. and 31 Aug. among the 4 [female][female]; many peaks exceeded 20 times the basal level, and there was a trend to a higher LH level with each succeeding peak. On all occasions except one, LH peaks were associated with progesterone levels of 0.5 ng/ml and with increases of oestrogen (peak average 43.1+or-12.1 pg/ml). Basal progesterone level during Apr.-July (1.5+or-1.2 ng/ml) did not differ significantly from that during Oct.-Jan. (1.1+or-0.7), nor did basal oestrogen level differ significantly between those 2 periods (8.4+or-3.2 and 12.9+or-4.6 pg/ml resp.). Behavioural oestrus always occurred with LH and oestrogen peaks during Apr.-July. However, behavioural oestrus was occasionally observed during Aug.-Oct., when LH peaks no longer occurred.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2325
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	Author	Lang Em,
	Title	Die Somaliwildesel, Equus asinus somalicus, im Basler Zoo			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Zool Garten NF
	Volume	53	Issue		Pages	73-80
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	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1337
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