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Author McCall, C.A.; Potter, G.D.; Friend, T.H.; Ingram, R.S.
Title Learning abilities in yearling horses using the Hebb-Williams closed field maze Type Journal Article
Year 1981 Publication J. Anim. Sci. Abbreviated Journal J. Anim. Sci.
Volume 53 Issue 4 Pages 928-933
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Notes Cited By (since 1996): 9; Export Date: 24 October 2008 Approved no
Call Number Admin @ knut @ Serial 4613
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Author Joynson, R. B.
Title Towards understanding relationships, by Robert A. Hinde. London: Academic, 1979, pp xii + 367 Type Journal Article
Year 1981 Publication Aggressive Behavior Abbreviated Journal
Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages 275-280
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4813
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Author Axelrod, R.; Hamilton, W.D.
Title The evolution of cooperation Type Journal Article
Year 1981 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science
Volume 211 Issue 4489 Pages 1390-1396
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Abstract Cooperation in organisms, whether bacteria or primates, has been a difficulty for evolutionary theory since Darwin. On the assumption that interactions between pairs of individuals occur on a probabilistic basis, a model is developed based on the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy in the context of the Prisoner's Dilemma game. Deductions from the model, and the results of a computer tournament show how cooperation based on reciprocity can get started in an asocial world, can thrive while interacting with a wide range of other strategies, and can resist invasion once fully established. Potential applications include specific aspects of territoriality, mating, and disease.
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Notes 10.1126/science.7466396 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4933
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Author Boice, R.
Title Behavioral comparability of wild and domesticated rats Type Journal Article
Year 1981 Publication Behavior Genetics Abbreviated Journal Behav Genet
Volume 11 Issue 5 Pages 545-553
Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Female; Genetics, Behavioral; Intelligence; Learning; Male; Rats/*genetics
Abstract The oft-repeated concern for the lack of behavioral comparability of domestic rats with wild forms of Rattus norvegicus is unfounded. Laboratory rats appear to show the potential for all wild-type behaviors, including the most dramatic social postures. Moreover, domestics are capable of assuming a feral existence without difficulty, one where they readily behave in a fashion indistinguishable from wild rats. The one behavioral difference that is clearly established concerns performance in laboratory learning paradigms. The superiority of domestics in these laboratory tasks speaks more to quieting the concerns of degeneracy theorists than to problems of using domestic Norway rats as subjects representative of their species.
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ISSN (up) 0001-8244 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:7325955 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4144
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Author Henning, J.M.; Zentall, T.R.
Title Imitation, social facilitation, and the effects of ACTH 4-10 on rats' bar-pressing behavior Type Journal Article
Year 1981 Publication The American journal of psychology Abbreviated Journal Am J Psychol
Volume 94 Issue 1 Pages 125-134
Keywords Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/*pharmacology; Animals; Conditioning, Operant/*drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Extinction, Psychological/drug effects; Imitative Behavior/*drug effects; Male; Peptide Fragments/*pharmacology; Rats; *Social Facilitation
Abstract The effects of ACTH 4-10 on rats' imitation learning was examined during the acquisition and extinction of a bar-press response for water reinforcement. Rats were exposed to either a bar-pressing conspecific (OB), an experimentally naive conspecific (ON), or an empty box (OE) during bar-press acquisition. In a factorial design, each rat was then exposed to one of the same three conditions during extinction. An 80 mcg dose of ACTH 4-10 was administered to half of the rats in each group prior to observation. Performance differences during acquisition were generally small, but significant performance differences during extinction were found. Social facilitation was indicated by the finding that rats extinguished in the presence of a conspecific exhibited significantly greater resistance to extinction than rats extinguished in the presence of an empty box. An imitation effect was also found. Rats that observed a bar-pressing conspecific during both acquisition and extinction (group OB-OB) showed significantly greater resistance top extinction than did groups OB-ON, CB-OE, or OE-OE. There were no significant effects of the hormone, however, relative to saline controls.
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ISSN (up) 0002-9556 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:6263117 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 267
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Author Hendricks, J.C.; Morrison, A.R.
Title Normal and abnormal sleep in mammals Type Journal Article
Year 1981 Publication Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association Abbreviated Journal J Am Vet Med Assoc
Volume 178 Issue 2 Pages 121-126
Keywords Animals; Cat Diseases/physiopathology; Cats; Cattle; Dog Diseases/physiopathology; Dogs; Dreams; Horses/physiology; Humans; Narcolepsy/physiopathology/veterinary; Sleep/*physiology; Sleep Apnea Syndromes/physiopathology/veterinary; Sleep Disorders/physiopathology/*veterinary; Sleep, REM/physiology
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ISSN (up) 0003-1488 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:7204232 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 101
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Author Parker, G.A.; Rubenstein, D.I.
Title Role assessment, reserve strategy, and acquisition of information in asymmetric animal conflicts Type Journal Article
Year 1981 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages 221-240
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Abstract It was formerly argued that alternative evolutionarily stable strategies (ESSs) are possible for animal contests characterized by some asymmetry that can be perceived with perfect accuracy. Where roles A and B refer to the asymmetry between opponents, ESSs are: [`]fight when A, retreat when B', and vice versa. Either can be an ESS, but only if the [`]reserve strategy' (=what an animal does when it fights) is sufficiently damaging. We examine the [`]war of attrition' (winner = opponent that persists longer). In a population at either ESS, reserve strategy is never normally shown; it is therefore subject to drift unless the selective action of rare individuals which break the convention is considered. These could arise either by mutation or by mistakes in role assessment. When mutations and mistakes simply specify that occasionally an animal fights when it [`]should' retreat, selection adjusts reserve strategy to a level where only one ESS (the [`]commonsense' ESS) is possible, if the asymmetry is relevant to payoff. Thus for asymmetries in fighting ability or resource value, the individual with the lower score will retreat. However, we are particularly concerned with cases where both payoff-relevant aspects (fighting ability and resource value) are asymmetric. If opponents sustain contest costs at rates KA and KB, and their resource values are VA and VB, an [`]optimal assessor' strategy defined by the interaction between the two asymmetries, is a unique ESS. It obeys the rule [`]fight on estimating role A, where VA/KA>VB/KB; retreat in B'. If mistakes can occur in both roles, but are very rate, the ESS is not fundamentally altered though there will be infinitesimal tendencies for persisting in role B. Selection to improve assessment abilities intensifies as abilities improve, but is weak if roles A and B are rather similar. Over a range of similarity between roles, an [`]owner wins' convention may be adopted if ownership correlates positively with role A and an individual cannot tell when it would otherwise pay him to break the convention. We also examine a contest in which information about roles can be acquired only during a contest itself, and at a cost. Much depends on the rate at which information is acquired relative to the rate at which costs are expended, and on whether contests normally escalate in intensity, remain at the same level, or de-escalate. Selection favours short contests when costs are high relative to resource value, where the outcome of a round contains much information about fighting ability, and where the actual disparity in fighting ability is large.
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ISSN (up) 0003-3472 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5325
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Author Ridge, J.A.; Baldwin, R.L.; Labhardt, A.M.
Title Nature of the fast and slow refolding reactions of iron(III) cytochrome c Type Journal Article
Year 1981 Publication Biochemistry Abbreviated Journal Biochemistry
Volume 20 Issue 6 Pages 1622-1630
Keywords Animals; Ascorbic Acid; *Cytochrome c Group; Guanidines; Horses; Kinetics; Oxidation-Reduction; Protein Conformation; Spectrum Analysis
Abstract The fast and slow refolding reactions of iron(III) cytochrome c (Fe(III) cyt c), previously studied by Ikai et al. (Ikai, A., Fish, W. W., & Tanford, C. (1973) J. Mol. Biol. 73, 165--184), have been reinvestigated. The fast reaction has the major amplitude (78%) and is 100-fold faster than the slow reaction in these conditions (pH 7.2, 25 degrees C, 1.75 M guanidine hydrochloride). We show here that native cyt c is the product formed in the fast reaction as well as in the slow reaction. Two probes have been used to test for formation of native cyt c. absorbance in the 695-nm band and rate of reduction of by L-ascorbate. Different unfolded species (UF, US) give rise to the fast and slow refolding reactions, as shown both by refolding assays at different times after unfolding (“double-jump” experiments) and by the formation of native cyt c in each of the fast and slow refolding reactions. Thus the fast refolding reaction is UF leads to N and the slow refolding reaction is Us leads to N, where N is native cyt c, and there is a US in equilibrium UF equilibrium in unfolded cyt c. The results are consistent with the UF in equilibrium US reaction being proline isomerization, but this has not yet been tested in detail. Folding intermediates have been detected in both reactions. In the UF leads to N reaction, the Soret absorbance change precedes the recovery of the native 695-nm band spectrum, showing that Soret absorbance monitors the formation of a folding intermediate. In the US leads to N reaction an ascorbate-reducible intermediate has been found at an early stage in folding and the Soret absorbance change occurs together with the change at 695 nm as N is formed in the final stage of folding.
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ISSN (up) 0006-2960 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:6261802 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3809
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Author Saigo, S.
Title Kinetic and equilibrium studies of alkaline isomerization of vertebrate cytochromes c Type Journal Article
Year 1981 Publication Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Abbreviated Journal Biochim Biophys Acta
Volume 669 Issue 1 Pages 13-20
Keywords Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Cytochrome c Group/*metabolism; Dogs; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Isomerism; Kinetics; Vertebrates/metabolism
Abstract Equilibria and kinetics of alkaline isomerization of seven ferricytochromes c from vertebrates were studied by pH-titration and pH-jump methods in the pH region of 7-12. In the equilibrium behavior, no significant difference was detected among the cytochromes c, whereas marked differences in the kinetic behavior were observed. According to the kinetic behavior of the isomerization, the cytochromes c examined fall into three classes: Group I (horse, sheep, dog and pigeon cytochromes c), Group II (tuna and bonito cytochromes c) and Group III (rhesus monkey cytochrome c). The kinetic results are interpreted in terms of the sequential scheme: Neutral form in equilibrium with fast Transient form in equilibrium with slow Alkaline form where the neutral and alkaline forms are the species stable at neutral and alkaline pH, respectively, and the transient form is a kinetic intermediate. From comparison of the primary sequences of the seven cytochromes c and the classification of these cytochromes c, it is concluded that the amino acid substitution Phe/Tyr at the 46-th position has a major influence on the kinetic behavior. In Group II and III cytochromes c, the ionization of Tyr-46 is suggested to bring about loosening of the heme crevice and thus facilitate the ligand replacement involved in the isomerization.
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ISSN (up) 0006-3002 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:6271238 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3871
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Author Hoff, M.P.; Nadler, R.D.; Maple, T.L.
Title Development of infant independence in a captive group of lowland gorillas Type Journal Article
Year 1981 Publication Developmental Psychobiology Abbreviated Journal Dev Psychobiol
Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages 251-265
Keywords Animals; *Dependency (Psychology); Female; Gorilla gorilla/*growth & development; Male; Maternal Behavior; *Personality; Sex Factors; Social Behavior; Weaning
Abstract In March 1976, 3 lowlands gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) were born to primiparous females living with an adult male in a large compound at the field station of the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center of Emory University. Observations of parent and infant behavior began at the birth of the infants, using several methods of data collection. This report focuses on the development of independence in these infants over the 1st 1 1/2 years of life. As expected, measures of mother-infant contact and proximity decreased with age. Several measures suggested that infant independence developed as an interactive process between mothers and infants, with primary responsibility changing over the months of study. Maternal behaviors that served to maintain mother-infant contact were found to decrease with age, with an eventual shift to infant responsibility for contact maintenance. Additionally, the adult male appeared to influence developing independence as reflected in the maternal protectiveness evoked by his behavior.
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ISSN (up) 0012-1630 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:7262467 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4170
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