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Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.; Marler, P. |
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Title |
Monkey responses to three different alarm calls: evidence of predator classification and semantic communication |
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1980 |
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Science (New York, N.Y.) |
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Science |
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210 |
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4471 |
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801-803 |
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*Animal Communication; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cercopithecidae/*physiology; *Fear; Female; Male; Predatory Behavior; Vocalization, Animal |
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Abstract |
Vervet monkeys give different alarm calls to different predators. Recordings of the alarms played back when predators were absent caused the monkeys to run into trees for leopard alarms, look up for eagle alarms, and look down for snake alarms. Adults call primarily to leopards, martial eagles, and pythons, but infants give leopard alarms to various mammals, eagle alarms to many birds, and snake alarms to various snakelike objects. Predator classification improves with age and experience. |
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English |
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0036-8075 |
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PMID:7433999 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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351 |
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Klingel H, |
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A Comparison of the Social Organization of the Equids. in Denniston RH (ed) |
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1980 |
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Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of Wild and Feral Equids, Laramie 1979 |
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23-30 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1315 |
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Bennett Dk, |
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Title |
Stripes do not a zebra make, Part I: A cladistic analysis of Equus |
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1980 |
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Systematic Zoology |
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Syst Zool |
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29 |
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2 |
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272-287 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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932 |
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Author |
Lewis,P.; Gardner, ET; Lopatto, D. |
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Title |
Shock-duration reduction as negative reinforcement |
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1980 |
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The Psychological Record |
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Psychol. Rec, |
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In 2 experiments, 9 female Sprague-Dawley albino rats were shocked every 30 sec. Before the barpress response, shocks were long (2 sec); for 3 min after a response, shocks were short (0.1, 0.5, or 1 sec). When responding reduced shocks from 2 to 0.1 sec, barpressing was acquired, and the shorter the shocks the more time spent with the short-shock condition in effect. In another procedure, the duration of individual shocks following a response was controlled so that the 1st shock was as long as those before the response (2 sec), but the remaining shocks in the 3-min period were short (0.1 sec). Barpressing was maintained in some Ss and acquired in others showing that, even when delayed, a reduction in shock duration is reinforcing. These findings question the generality of a 2-factor, safety-signal interpretation of negative reinforcement. These results plus others imply that to predict responding in aversive situations it is necessary to integrate, for at least several minutes, the parameters of aversive events that follow a response. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3596 |
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Frank, H. |
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Evolution of canine information processing under conditions of natural and artificial selection |
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1980 |
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Z Tierpsychol |
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5 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Frank1980 |
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6243 |
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