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Author |
Klingel H, |
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A comparison of the Social Behaviour of the Equidae. in Geist V & Walther FR (eds): The Behaviour of Ungulates and its Relation to Management |
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1974 |
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IUCN Publ |
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124-132 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1302 |
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Author |
Smuts Gl, |
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Title |
Age determination in Burchell's Zebra in the Krüger National Park |
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Year |
1974 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
J S Afr Wildl Mgmt Ass |
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4 |
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103-115 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1611 |
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Syme, G.J.; Pollard, J.S.; Syme, L.A.; Reid, R.M. |
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Title |
An analysis of the limited access measure of social dominance in rats |
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1974 |
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22 |
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2 |
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486-500 |
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The limited access situation in which only one of two or more subjects can gain access to a reward during a restricted time-period is an accepted measure of dominance in the rat. This study attempts to validate the technique by establishing the relationship between individual and competitive performance in order to determine whether `priority of access' has been measured. The generality of the competitive orders is examined by altering the competitive response while retaining the same reward. In view of the data collected for both time and weight-gain measures in food and water competition it is doubtful whether the limited access competitive technique can be considered a valid measure of dominance for the laboratory rat. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2187 |
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Author |
Parker, G.A. |
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Title |
Assessment strategy and the evolution of fighting behaviour |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1974 |
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Journal of Theoretical Biology |
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J. Theor. Biol. |
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47 |
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1 |
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223-243 |
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The view is examined that the adaptive value of conventional aspects of fighting behaviour is for assessment of relative RHP (resource holding power) of the combatants. Outcomes of aggressive disputes should be decided by each individual's fitness budget available for expenditure during a fight (determined by the fitness difference between adoption of alternative strategies, escalation or withdrawal without escalation) and on the rate of expenditure of the fitness budget if escalation occurs (determined by the RHPs of the combatants). Thus response thresholds for alternative strategies (“assessments”) will be determined by natural selection on a basis of which opponent is likely to expend its fitness budget first, should escalation occur. This “loser” should retreat (before escalation) and the winner should stay in possession of the resource. Many aggressive decisions depend on whether one is a resource holder, or an attacker. Assuming the RHP of the combatants to be equal, there are many instances of fitness pay-off imbalances between holder and attacker which should weight the dispute outcome in favour of one or other opponent by allowing it a greater expendable fitness budget. Usually the weighting favours the holder; the attacker therefore needs a correspondingly higher RHP before it may be expected to win. This is not invariably the case, and much observed data fits the predictions of this sort of model. If assessments are perfect and budget expenditure rates exactly predictable, then there would never seem to be any case for escalation. Escalation can be explained in terms of injury inflictions (expenditures) occurring as discrete events; i.e. as “bouts” won or lost during fighting. Assessment can give only a probabilistic prediction of the outcome of a bout. A simple model is developed to investigate escalation situations. Each combatant assesses relative RHP; this correlates with an absolute probability of winning the next bout (cabs). The stake played for is infliction of loss of RHP and is determined by the fitness budgets of the opponents. (Each individual plays for the withdrawal of its opponent.) This defines a critical probability of winning (ccrit) for each combatant, above which escalation is the favourable strategy (cabs > ccrit) and below which withdrawal is favourable (cabs < ccrit). Escalation should occur only where cabs-ccrit is positive for both combatants. This model gives predictions compatible with the observations, indicating that RHP loss alone can be adequate to explain withdrawal: escalation behaviour. Withdrawal tendency will be increased by low searching costs. Escalations should be restricted to closely matched RHP opponents if RHP disparity is the major imbalance. Outside the “escalation range” of a given individual, the higher RHP individual wins and the lower one loses (i.e. it should withdraw after conventional display). RHP disparity and holder: attacker imbalance should both interact to shape the observed pattern, though their relative importances will depend on species and situation. In some instances selection may favour immediate withdrawal from an occupied territory even without assessment of RHP. |
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0022-5193 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4935 |
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Author |
Hinde, R.A. |
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Title |
Biological Bases of Human Social Behavior |
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Miscellaneous |
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1974 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4849 |
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Author |
Eisenmann V, G.D.C. |
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Title |
Caractères distinctifs des premières phalanges antérieures et postérieures chez certains équidés actuels et fossiles |
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1974 |
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Bull Soc g?ol France |
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16 |
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352-361 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1059 |
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Eisenmann V, G.D.C. |
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Title |
Caractères distinctifs entre vrais zèbres et zèbres de Chapman d`après l`étude de 60 têtes osseuses. |
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1974 |
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Mammalia |
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38 |
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509-543 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1060 |
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Author |
Andrew, R.J. |
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Title |
Changes in visual responsiveness following intercollicular lesions and their effects on avoidance and attack |
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1974 |
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Brain, Behavior and Evolution |
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Brain Behav Evol |
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10 |
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4-5 |
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400-424 |
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Animals; Chickens; Humans; Male; Mutism; Superior Colliculi/*physiology; Tectum Mesencephali; Testosterone; Visual Fields; Vocalization, Animal |
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In the normal chick, conspicuous visual stimuli induce targetting and pecking together, with vocalization. All three are abolished by lesion of the intercollicular area (ICo) or of connections passing through its medial margin. After such lesions, chicks also cease to treat significant visual stimuli as if they were startling and exciting, and may delay response as a result. However, they are still able to recognise, orient accurately to, and respond appropriately to, a variety of complex visual stimuli (e.g. food grains, copulation object). In addition, they are little affected by strange surroundings. Lesion evidence suggests the mammalian subcollicular area to have similar functions to the ICo and to be homologous with it. A route (present in bird), which is well-known in mammals for its association with threat, defense and escape evoked by strange and frightening objects (amygdala-diencephalic periventricular system-central mesencephalic grey, A-DPS-CMG) is stimuli via the 2 ICo (subcollicular area). Two different mechanisms may be involved caudal to the ICo. One consists of tectal afferents which might modulate the evocation of targetting, pecking and other responses via the tectum. The other is the predorsal system of tectal efferents which may mediate such responses. Classical syndromes of tameness and unresponsiveness produced by various interruptions of the A-DPS-CMG route may depend on interruption of connections to these midbrain mechanisms. Attack is depressed by ICo lesions as one aspect of reduced responsiveness to conspicuous and startling visual stimuli. Avoidance, which is apparently mediated by a separate system, much as in Anura, is facilitated. |
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English |
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0006-8977 |
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PMID:1169102 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4626 |
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Author |
Syme, G.J. |
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Title |
Competitive orders as measures of social dominance |
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1974 |
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22 |
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Part 4 |
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931-940 |
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The use of competitive orders as measures of social dominance is examined, the conclusion being that such use is based on the assumption of the unidimensionality of social dominance. Evidence is presented to show that this is not always the case. Consequently it is suggested that each competitive order must be validated in terms of its measurement of priority of access and response requirements (internal validity) as well as its generality (external validity) before it can be regarded as a dominance measure. Problems of the validity of aggression orders as measures of social dominance are also examined along with their relationship to competitive orders. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2188 |
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Author |
Joubert E, |
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Title |
Composition and limiting factors of a Khomas Hochland population of Hartmann zebra |
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1974 |
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Madoqua |
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8 |
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49-53 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1228 |
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