| Records |
| Author |
Alexander, F.; Collett, R.A. |
| Title |
Pethidine in the horse |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1974 |
Publication |
Research in veterinary science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Res Vet Sci |
| Volume |
17 |
Issue  |
1 |
Pages |
136-137 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Half-Life; Horses/*metabolism; Injections, Intravenous/veterinary; Male; Meperidine/administration & dosage/analysis/*metabolism/pharmacology |
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English |
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| ISSN |
0034-5288 |
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| Notes |
PMID:4421117 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
113 |
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| Author |
Hrdy, S.B. |
| Title |
Male-male competition and infanticide among the langurs (Presbytis entellus) of Abu, Rajasthan |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1974 |
Publication |
Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Folia Primatol (Basel) |
| Volume |
22 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
19-58 |
| Keywords |
Aggression; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Coitus; *Competitive Behavior; Estrus; Feeding Behavior; Female; *Haplorhini; Homing Behavior; Humans; India; Infanticide; Leadership; Male; Maternal Behavior; Population Density; Pregnancy; Rain; Seasons; Sex Factors; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Behavior; Temperature; Vocalization, Animal |
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| ISSN |
0015-5713 |
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| Notes |
PMID:4215710 |
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no |
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2051 |
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| Author |
Davies, R.B.; Clark, G.G. |
| Title |
Trypanosomes from elk and horse flies in New Mexico |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1974 |
Publication |
Journal of Wildlife Diseases |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Wildl Dis |
| Volume |
10 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
63-65 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Artiodactyla; Blood/microbiology; *Diptera; Ecology; *Insect Vectors; New Mexico; Trypanosoma/*isolation & purification; Trypanosomiasis/microbiology/*veterinary |
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English |
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| ISSN |
0090-3558 |
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| Notes |
PMID:4810218 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2709 |
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| Author |
Geist, V. |
| Title |
On the Relationship of Social Evolution and Ecology in Ungulates |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1974 |
Publication |
Amer. Zool. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
14 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
205-220 |
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| Abstract |
Much of the social behavior and organization of ungulates can be related to ecological parameters such as fiber content of forage, plant productivity, plant biomass, plant species diversity, productivity gradients, temporal and spatial fluctuations in productivity, habitat stability, food dispersion, three-dimensional structure of habitat, colonization, and predator density and diversity. These ecological variables can be linked via individual natural selection with the species' anti-predator strategies, emphasis on different channels of communication, relative frequency of damaging and non-damaging overt aggression, gregariousness and group structure, juvenile dispersal, home-range traditions, monogamy and polygamy, sexual dimorphism, territoriality, hierarchical rank structure, and plasticity of social structures. The ecological variables have primary manifestations which are behavior or which affect behavior, as well as secondary manifestations affecting behavior. There are logical links between the hypothesis linking ecology and behavior discussed here with some principles from bioenergetics, zoogeography, and paleontology. Although links do exist between ecology and behavior, they nevertheless represent distinct realms of natural selection in which social behavior appears as the more conservative element. The theoretical basis for this is discussed. |
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no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4261 |
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| Author |
Parker, G.A. |
| Title |
Assessment strategy and the evolution of fighting behaviour |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1974 |
Publication |
Journal of Theoretical Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Theor. Biol. |
| Volume |
47 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
223-243 |
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| Abstract |
The view is examined that the adaptive value of conventional aspects of fighting behaviour is for assessment of relative RHP (resource holding power) of the combatants. Outcomes of aggressive disputes should be decided by each individual's fitness budget available for expenditure during a fight (determined by the fitness difference between adoption of alternative strategies, escalation or withdrawal without escalation) and on the rate of expenditure of the fitness budget if escalation occurs (determined by the RHPs of the combatants). Thus response thresholds for alternative strategies (“assessments”) will be determined by natural selection on a basis of which opponent is likely to expend its fitness budget first, should escalation occur. This “loser” should retreat (before escalation) and the winner should stay in possession of the resource. Many aggressive decisions depend on whether one is a resource holder, or an attacker. Assuming the RHP of the combatants to be equal, there are many instances of fitness pay-off imbalances between holder and attacker which should weight the dispute outcome in favour of one or other opponent by allowing it a greater expendable fitness budget. Usually the weighting favours the holder; the attacker therefore needs a correspondingly higher RHP before it may be expected to win. This is not invariably the case, and much observed data fits the predictions of this sort of model. If assessments are perfect and budget expenditure rates exactly predictable, then there would never seem to be any case for escalation. Escalation can be explained in terms of injury inflictions (expenditures) occurring as discrete events; i.e. as “bouts” won or lost during fighting. Assessment can give only a probabilistic prediction of the outcome of a bout. A simple model is developed to investigate escalation situations. Each combatant assesses relative RHP; this correlates with an absolute probability of winning the next bout (cabs). The stake played for is infliction of loss of RHP and is determined by the fitness budgets of the opponents. (Each individual plays for the withdrawal of its opponent.) This defines a critical probability of winning (ccrit) for each combatant, above which escalation is the favourable strategy (cabs > ccrit) and below which withdrawal is favourable (cabs < ccrit). Escalation should occur only where cabs-ccrit is positive for both combatants. This model gives predictions compatible with the observations, indicating that RHP loss alone can be adequate to explain withdrawal: escalation behaviour. Withdrawal tendency will be increased by low searching costs. Escalations should be restricted to closely matched RHP opponents if RHP disparity is the major imbalance. Outside the “escalation range” of a given individual, the higher RHP individual wins and the lower one loses (i.e. it should withdraw after conventional display). RHP disparity and holder: attacker imbalance should both interact to shape the observed pattern, though their relative importances will depend on species and situation. In some instances selection may favour immediate withdrawal from an occupied territory even without assessment of RHP. |
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| ISSN |
0022-5193 |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4935 |
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| Author |
Jarman, P.J . |
| Title |
The social behaviour of antelope in relation to their ecology |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1974 |
Publication |
Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
| Volume |
48 |
Issue |
1-4 |
Pages |
213-267 |
| Keywords |
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| Abstract |
The types of social organisation displayed by the African antelope species have been assigned in this paper to five classes, distinguished largely by the strategies used by the reproductively active males in securing mating rights, and the effects of those strategies on other social castes. The paper attempts to show that these strategies are appropriate to each class because of the effects of other, ecological, aspects of their ways of life. The paper describes different feeding styles among antelope, in terms of selection of food items and coverage of home ranges. It argues that these feeding styles bear a relationship to maximum group size of feeding animals through the influence of dispersion of food items upon group cohesion. The feeding styles also bear a relationship to body size and to habitat choice, both of which influence the antelope species' antipredator behaviour. Thus feeding style is related to anti-predator behaviour which, in many species, influences minimum group size. Group size and the pattern of movement over the annual home range affect the likelihood of females being found in a given place at a given time, and it is this likelihood which, to a large extent, determines the kind of strategy a male must employ to achieve mating rights. The effects of the different strategies employed by males can be seen in such aspects of each species' biology as sexual dimorphism, adult sex ratio, and differential distribution of the sexes. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4264 |
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| Author |
Rowell, T.E. |
| Title |
The concept of social dominance |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1974 |
Publication |
Behavioral Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Biol |
| Volume |
11 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
131-154 |
| Keywords |
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| Abstract |
Dominance has been assumed to be a quality of overwhelming social importance but satisfactory definitions and measures have not been devised. As an indication of predictability of outcome of interaction between animals, it can be explained in terms of ordinary learning processes previous to and during a specific relationship. Agonistic interactions are usually determined and often initiated by the subordinate's behavior, and subordinate behavior is correlated with physiological changes, so that a subordination hierarchy is probably a more useful concept than a dominance hierarchy. Hierarchies develop in stressful conditions, especially in captivity where animals with overresponsive adrenal cortices are at a selective disadvantage. In wild groups hierarchies are tenuous or absent and stress-responsive members are probably advantageous to a group. Group defense and leadership roles are not correlated with rank, but policing is characteristic of high-ranking animals in species where it occurs. There is no evidence that formation of a hierarchy reduces aggression--hierarchies are actually associated with high rates of aggression in primate groups. There is no conclusive evidence that high ranking males have greater overall reproductive success, and an alternative hypothesis that adult males are sexually active for a relatively short stage of their lives fits existing data equally well. |
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no |
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Serial |
2040 |
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| Author |
Powell, G.V.N. |
| Title |
Experimental analysis of the social value of flocking by starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in relation to predation and foraging |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1974 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
22 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
501-505 |
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| Abstract |
In groups of ten, indidual starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, spent significantly less time in surveillance than did individuals in smaller groups and responded more quickly than single birds to a flying model hawk. Captive starlings in flocks reduce their individual surveillance efforts, but their combined efforts still enable them to be more effective than single birds in the detection of predators. Foraging behaviour of flocks was observed by placing single starlings with groups of tricoloured blackbirds, Agelaius tricolor; the starlings reduced the time they devoted to surveillance at the same rate as if they were with other starlings. |
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no |
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Serial |
2147 |
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| Author |
Syme, G.J.; Pollard, J.S.; Syme, L.A.; Reid, R.M. |
| Title |
An analysis of the limited access measure of social dominance in rats |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1974 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
22 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
486-500 |
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| Abstract |
The limited access situation in which only one of two or more subjects can gain access to a reward during a restricted time-period is an accepted measure of dominance in the rat. This study attempts to validate the technique by establishing the relationship between individual and competitive performance in order to determine whether `priority of access' has been measured. The generality of the competitive orders is examined by altering the competitive response while retaining the same reward. In view of the data collected for both time and weight-gain measures in food and water competition it is doubtful whether the limited access competitive technique can be considered a valid measure of dominance for the laboratory rat. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2187 |
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| Author |
Bourdin, P.; Laurent, A. |
| Title |
[Ecology of African horsesickness] |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1974 |
Publication |
Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux |
Abbreviated Journal |
Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop |
| Volume |
27 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
163-168 |
| Keywords |
African Horse Sickness/*epidemiology/transmission; Animals; Disease Reservoirs/veterinary; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors |
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French |
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Original Title |
Note sur l'ecologie de la peste equine africaine |
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| ISSN |
0035-1865 |
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| Notes |
PMID:4619907 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2710 |
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