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Author | Moons, C.; Heleski, C.R.; Leece, C.M.; Zanella, A.J. | ||||
Title | Conflicting Results in the Association Between Plasma and Salivary Cortisol Levels in Foals | Type | Manuscript | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Havemeier Workshop | Abbreviated Journal | |
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Abstract | Introduction Glucocorticoids are present in many biological fluids as a free fraction or bound to Corticoid Binding Globulins (CBG) (Matteri et al, 2000). There are conflicting claims regarding the validity of saliva as a biological fluid to measure cortisol in horses (Lebelt et al, 1996; McGreevy and Pell, 1998; van der Kolk et al, 2001). Measuring changes in salivary cortisol levels in normal horses and horses with Cushing`s disease van der Kolk and collaborators (2001) demonstrated the validity of saliva to assess adrenal function. Puzzling results were reported by McGreevy and Pell (1998) who suggested that plasma and salivary cortisol concentrations in horses showing oral stereotypies were correlated but this association was non-existent in control animals. Investigating the responses of foals to branding and foot-trimming Zanella et al (unpublished results) were unable to identify a relationship between plasma and salivary cortisol levels in foals. In several species, levels of cortisol in plasma and saliva are tightly correlated (Fenske, 1996). Cortisol found in blood consists of a fraction bound to corticoid binding globulin (CBG) and a free, unbound fraction. Free cortisol represents the biologically active fraction of this steroid hormone. Salivary cortisol reflects the unbound fraction found in plasma or serum and it passes readily through the parotid membrane (Riad-Fahmy, 1983; Horning Walker et al,1977). Unbound steroids transfer rapidly between plasma and saliva (Walker,1989; Scott et al 1990). Saliva flow-rate does not appear to influence saliva cortisol levels in different species (Hubert and de Jong-Meyer, 1989; Walker 1989, Scott et a, 1990). In horses, Lebelt et al (1996) reported that salivary and plasma total cortisol in stallions were correlated. We hypothesized that changes in salivary cortisol in foals would show a pattern that is correlated to that of plasma free and plasma total cortisol concentrations in foals. In addition, we anticipated that the lack of good sampling techniques provides an explanation for the failure in determining the association between salivary and plasma cortisol in foals. |
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 470 | ||
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Author | McGreevy, P.D. | ||||
Title | Development and Resolution of Behavioural Problems with the | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | Publication | Havemeier Workshop | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Abstract | The ideals of equestrian technique combine art and science. Therefore students of equitation encounter measurable variables such as rhythm, tempo and impulsion alongside more ethereal ones such as outline and harmony. This mixture accounts for many of the idiosyncrasies of equestrianism including the subjective scoring of performance in dressage tests, the elusiveness of perfection even at an elite level of competition and the difficulty of expressing equestrian technique in empirical terms (Roberts, 1992). This chapter will describe and offer examples of the unwelcome behavioural responses horses produce under saddle. Two broad sections are then proposed to allow the reader to consider unwelcome behavioural responses caused directly by humans as distinct from those attributable more to the horse than the rider. Ultimately the responsibility for problems in the ridden horse lies with humans since we have undertaken the domestication and exploitation of equids. Therefore it is accepted that the dichotomy is not absolute. The chapter closes with a |
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 471 | ||
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Author | Feh, C. | ||||
Title | Relationships and Communication in Socially Natural Horse Herds | Type | Book Chapter | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | The domestic horse : the origins, development, and management of its behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | The domestic horse : the origins, development, and management of its behaviour |
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Abstract | Horses are quite unique. In most mammals, sexes segregate and maintain bonds only during the breeding season (Clutton-Brock, 1989). Some canids, a few rodents and primate species such as gorillas, hamadryas baboons and red howler monkeys are the exception, where the same males stay with the same females all year round and over many breeding seasons. Typically, both sexes disperse at puberty in these species. In horses, it was clearly shown that the causes for female dispersal were incest avoidance and not intra-specific competition (Monard, 1996). As a rule, this is confirmed for mammal species where tenure length by males exceeds the age at first reproduction in females (Clutton-Brock, 1989). When horses are allowed to choose their mating partner freely, the inbreeding coefficient of the offspring is lower than expected should they mate randomly (Duncan et al, 1984). | ||||
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Publisher | Cambridge University Press 2005 | Place of Publication | Cambridge | Editor | Mills, D. S. ; McDonnell, , S. M. |
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ISSN | ISBN | 13 978-0-521-81414-6 | Medium | ||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @; Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.092 | Serial | 472 | ||
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Author | Nicol, C.J | ||||
Title | Equine Stereotypies. In: Houpt K.A. (Ed.), | Type | Book Chapter | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | Recent Advances in Companion Animal Behavior Problems | Abbreviated Journal | |
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Publisher | International Veterinary Information Service | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 477 | ||
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Author | Cheney, D. l .; Seyfarth, R. M. | ||||
Title | Social complexity and the information acquired during eavesdropping by primates and other animals | Type | Book Chapter | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Communication networks | Abbreviated Journal | |
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Abstract | In many of the studies reviewed in this book, eavesdropping takes the following form: a subject has the opportunity to monitor, or eavesdrop upon, an interaction between two other animals,Aand B. The subject then uses the information obtained through these observations to assess A`s and B`s relative dominance or attractiveness as a mate (e.g. Mennill et al., 2002; Ch. 2). For example, Oliveira et al. (1998) found that male fighting fish Betta splendens that had witnessed two other males involved in an aggressive interaction subsequently responded more strongly to the loser of that interaction than the winner. Subjects-behaviour could not have been influenced by any inherent differences between the two males, because subjects responded equally strongly to the winner and the loser of competitive interactions they had not observed. Similarly, Peake et al. (2001) presented male great tits Parus major with the opportunity to monitor an apparent competitive interaction between two strangers by simulating a singing contest using two loudspeakers. The relative timing of the singing bouts (as measured by the degree of overlap between the two songs) provided information about each “contestants” relative status. Following the singing interaction, one of the “contestants” was introduced into the male`s territory. Males responded significantly less strongly to singers that had apparently just “lost” the interaction (see also McGregor & Dabelsteen, 1996; Naguib et al., 1999; Ch. 2). What information does an individual acquire when it eavesdrops on others? In theory, an eavesdropper could acquire information of many different sorts: about A, about B, about the relationship between A and B, or about the place of Animal Communication Networks, ed. Peter K. McGregor. Published by Cambridge University Press. c. Cambridge University Press 2005. 583 P1: JZZ/... P2: JZZ/... 0521823617c25.xml CU1917B/McGregor 0 521 582361 7 October 7, 2004 22:31 584 D. L. Cheney & R. M. Seyfarth A`s and B`s relationship in a larger social framework. The exact information acquired will probably reflect the particular species social structure. For example, songbirds like great tits live in communities in which six or seven neighbours surround each territory-holding male. Males appear to benefit from the knowledge that certain individuals occupy specific areas (e.g. Brooks & Falls, 1975), that competitive interactions between two different neighbours have particular outcomes, and that these outcomes are stable over time. We would, therefore, expect an eavesdropping great tit not only to learn that neighbour A was dominant to neighbour B, for example, but also to form the expectation that A was likely to defeat B in all future encounters. More speculatively, because the outcome of territorial interactions are often site specific (reviewed by Bradbury & Vehrencamp, 1998), we would expect eavesdropping tits to learn further that A dominates B in some areas but B dominates A in others. In contrast, the information gained from monitoring neighbours interactions would unlikely be sufficient to allow the eavesdropper to rank all of its neighbours in a linear dominance hierarchy, because not all neighbouring males would come into contact with one another. Such information would be difficult if not impossible to acquire; it might also be of little functional value. In contrast, species that live in large, permanent social groups have a much greater opportunity to monitor the social interactions of many different individuals simultaneously. Monkey species such as baboons Papio cynocephalus, for example, typically live in groups of 80 or more individuals, which include several matrilineal families arranged in a stable, linear dominance rank order (Silk et al., 1999). Offspring assume ranks similar to those of their mothers, and females maintain close bonds with their matrilineal kin throughout their lives. Cutting across these stable long-term relationships based on rank and kinship are more transient bonds: for example, the temporary associations formed between unrelated females whose infants are of similar ages, and the “friendships” formed between adult males and lactating females as an apparent adaptation against infanticide (Palombit et al., 1997, 2001). In order to compete successfully within such groups, it would seem advantageous for individuals to recognize who outranks whom, who is closely bonded to whom, and who is likely to be allied to whom (Harcourt, 1988, 1992; Cheney & Seyfarth, 1990; see below). The ability to adopt a third party`s perspective and discriminate among the social relationships that exist among others would seem to be of great selective benefit. In this chapter, we review evidence for eavesdropping in selected primate species and we consider what sort of information is acquired when one individual observes or listens in on the interactions of others. We then compare eavesdropping by primates with eavesdropping in other animal species, focusing on both potential differences and directions for further research |
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Publisher | Cambridge University Press | Place of Publication | Cambridge, Massachusetts | Editor | McGregor, P.K. |
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 495 | ||
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Author | Mendl M, Held Z. | ||||
Title | Living in gourps: Evolutionary Perspective | Type | Book Chapter | ||
Year | Publication | Social Behavior in Farm Animals | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Abstract | An understanding of social behavior is increasingly necessary in farm animal husbandry as more animals are housed in groups rather than in individual stalls or pens. There may be economic or welfare reasons for such housing. This book is the first to specifically address this important subject. The chapters fall into three broad subject areas: concepts in social behavior; species specific chapters; current issues. Authors include leading experts from Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. | ||||
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ISSN | ISBN | 9780851993973 | Medium | ||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 512 | ||
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Author | Linklater, W. L.; Cameron, E. Z.; Stafford, K. J.; Minot, E. O. | ||||
Title | Estimating Kaimanawa feral horse population size and growth | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | Publication | SCIENCE & RESEARCH INTERNAL REPORT 185 | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Abstract | Animal flight behaviour in response to aircraft could have a profound influence on the accuracy and precision of aerial estimates of population size but is rarely investigated. Using independent observers on the ground and in the air we recorded the presence and behaviour of 17 groups, including 136 individually marked horses, during a helicopter count in New Zealand’s Kaimanawa Mountains. We also compared the helicopter count with ground-based estimates using mark-resight and line-transect methods in areas ranging from 20.5 to 176 km2. Helicopter counts were from 16% smaller to 54% larger than ground-based estimates. The helicopter induced a flight response in all horse groups monitored. During flight, horse groups traveled from 0.1 up to 2.75 km before leaving the ground observer’s view and temporarily changed in size and composition. A tenth of the horses were not counted and a quarter counted twice. A further 23 (17%) may have been counted twice but only two of the three observers’ records concurred. Thus, the helicopter count over-estimated the marked sub-population by at least 15% and possibly by up to 32%. The net over-estimate of the marked sub-population corresponded to the 17% and 13% difference between helicopter counts and ground-based estimates in the central study area and for the largest area sampled, respectively. Feral horse flight behaviour should be considered when designing methods for population monitoring using aircraft. We identify the characteristics of the helicopter count that motivated horse flight behaviour. We compared our own recent estimate of population growth from measures of fecundity and mortality (λ = 1.096 with an earlier-published one (λ = 1.182, where r = 0.167) that had been derived by interpolating between the available history of single counts. Our model of population growth, standardised aerial counts, and historical estimates of annual reproduction suggest that the historical sequence of counts since 1979 probably over-estimated growth because count techniques improved and greater effort was expended in successive counts. We used line-transect, markresight and dung density sampling methods for population monitoring and discuss their advantages and limitations over helicopter counts. |
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 515 | ||
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Author | Wakeling,E | ||||
Title | Feral Horses of the West | Type | Conference Volume | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 516 | ||
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Author | Sharp, T.; Saunders, G. | ||||
Title | mustering of feral horses | Type | Manuscript | ||
Year | Publication | Ecology | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Abstract | Background Feral horses (Equus caballus) can cause significant environmental damage and losses to rural industries. Although considered pests, feral horses are also a resource, providing products such as pet meat for the domestic market and meat for human consumption for the export market. Control methods include trapping, mustering exclusion fencing, ground shooting and shooting from helicopters. Feral horses are mustered by helicopter, motorbike or on horseback, sometimes with the assistance of coacher horses. Once mustered into yards, net traps or fenced paddocks, the horses are usually sold to abattoirs for slaughter which can offset the costs of capture and handling. Less commonly, they are sold as riding horses or relocated to reserves or horse sanctuaries. Where there is no market for them or where removal may be too costly or impractical e.g. in conservation areas or remote areas without access to transportation, horses are sometimes destroyed by shooting in the yards. This standard operating procedure (SOP) is a guide only; it does not replace or override the legislation that applies in the relevant State or Territory jurisdiction. The SOP should only be used subject to the applicable legal requirements (including OH&S) operating in the relevant jurisdiction. |
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 517 | ||
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Author | Aureli, Filippo; de Waal, F. B. M. | ||||
Title | Natural conflict resolution | Type | Book Whole | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | University of California Press | Abbreviated Journal | University of California Press. |
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Abstract | Introduction FILIPPO AURELI & FRANS B. M. DE WAAL Menzel, C. R. 1993. van Schaik, C. P., & van Noordwijk, M. A. 1986. Communication by agonistic displays: What can games theory contribute to ethology? Chapais, B. 1995. Alliances as a means of competition in primates: Evolutionary, developmental, and cognitive aspects. Punishment in animal societies. Nature, 373: 209-216. | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Berkley | Editor | ||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 533 | ||
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