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Author Krueger, K.
Title Social learning and innovative behaviour in horses Type Conference Article
Year 2015 Publication Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting Abbreviated Journal Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg
Volume (up) Issue Pages
Keywords social learning, innovative behaviour, Equus caballus, cognitive capacities
Abstract The evaluation of important parameters for measuring the horses’ cognitive capacities is one of the central topics of the equine behaviour team at Nürtingen-Geislingen University. Social complexity has been said to be one of the settings in which needs for cognitive capacities arise in animals. A variety of studies throughout the last two decades proved the horses’ social complexity to be far more elaborate than previously assumed. Horses form social bonds for the protection of offspring, intervene in encounters of others, identify group mates individually and easily orientate in a fission fusion society.

In such socially complex societies, animals will benefit from learning socially. In many bird and primate species the degree of social complexity correlates nicely with the species abilities for social learning. Social learning was, therefore, argued to be an indicator for elaborate mental capacities in animals. We were delighted to prove that horses actually copy social behaviour and techniques for operating a feeding apparatus from older and higher ranking group members. In a recent study we found young horses, at the age of 3 to 12, to copy the operation of a feeding apparatus from a human demonstrator. Social learning seems to work nicely in horses when the social background of the animals is considered.

The degree to which individual animals adapt to changes in their social or physical environment by finding innovative solution appears to be the other side of the coin, of whether animals adjust to challenges by social learning. It is not very astonishing, that along with the animals’ social complexity and their ability to learn socially also the degree to which they show innovative behaviour was claimed to be one of the most important demonstrations of advanced cognitive capacities. In a recent approach, we started to ask horse owners and horse keepers in many countries to tell us about unusual behaviour of their horses via a web site (http://innovative-behaviour.org). To date, we received 204 cases of innovative behaviour descriptions from which six cases were clear examples of tool use or borderline tool use. We categorized the innovative behaviours into the classes, a) innovations to gain food, b) innovations to gain freedom, c) social innovations, d) innovations to increase maintenance, and e) innovations that could not be clearly assigned to a category. About 20% of the innovative horses showed more than one innovation. These animals could be termed “true innovators”. Again, young horses were more innovative than older ones with the age group 5 – 9 showing the highest number of innovative behaviour descriptions.

In a nutshell, the horses’ cognitive capacities appear to be underestimated throughout the last decades. The horses’ social complexity is far more elaborate than previously assumed, horses learn socially from conspecific and humans, some of them demonstrate innovative behaviour adaptations to their environment and even simple forms of tool use.
Address
Corporate Author Krueger, K. Thesis
Publisher Xenophon Publishing Place of Publication Wald Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume in prep Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN 978-3-95625-000-2 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5848
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Author Duncan P,
Title Zebras, asses, and horses Type Book Whole
Year 1992 Publication Kelvyn Press USA Abbreviated Journal
Volume (up) Issue Pages
Keywords
Abstract Provides summaries of the conservation status, biology, and ecology of wild zebras, asses, and horses. The Action Plan presents chapters on taxonomy, genetics, reproductive biology, population dynamics, management, disease and epidemiology, and the importance of developing an assessment methodology that considers the role of equids in ecosystems.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Kelvyn Press Place of Publication Broadview, Illinois Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN 978-2831700564 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List JA - Approved yes
Call Number Serial 1032
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Author Ebhardt H,
Title Ein Pferdeknochen-Mann schaut sich Zebra-Knochen an Type Book Whole
Year 1956 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume (up) Issue Pages
Keywords
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no
Call Number Serial 1042
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Author Ebhardt H,
Title Linker Unterkiefer-Ast eines Zebra-Schädels aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Braunschweig 1893 Type Book Whole
Year 1958 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume (up) Issue Pages
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Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no
Call Number Serial 1043
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Author Schnitzer, U.
Title Grundsätze der Gymnastizierung des Reitpferdes Type Book Whole
Year 1998 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume (up) Issue Pages 16
Keywords
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Deutsch Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Reiten Lesen Denken @ eberhardhuebener @ Serial 1064
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Author Eisenmann V,
Title Comparative osteology of modern and fossil horses, half-asses and asses Type Book Chapter
Year 1986 Publication Abbreviated Journal In: Equids in the ancient world
Volume (up) Issue Pages 67-116
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Abstract
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no
Call Number Serial 1057
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Author Eisenmann V, U.H.-P.
Title Identification and discrimination of Equus metapodials Type Book Chapter
Year 1986 Publication Abbreviated Journal In: Equids in the ancient world
Volume (up) Issue Pages 118-163
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Abstract
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no
Call Number Serial 1065
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Author Epstein H,
Title Descent and origin of the ass Type Book Chapter
Year 1971 Publication Abbreviated Journal In Epstein: The origin of the domestic animals of Africa. II.
Volume (up) Issue Pages 394-398
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no
Call Number Serial 1069
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Author Epstein H,
Title Wild Ass Type Journal Article
Year 1971 Publication Abbreviated Journal In Epstein: The origin of the domestic animals of Africa. II
Volume (up) Issue Pages 378-381
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Corporate Author Thesis
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Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no
Call Number Serial 1070
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Author Epstein H,
Title Wild horses – Recent and extinct Type Book Chapter
Year 1971 Publication In: The origin of the domestic animals of Africa II Abbreviated Journal
Volume (up) Issue Pages 401-417
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Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no
Call Number Serial 1071
Permanent link to this record