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Author Streit, S.; Zeitler-Feicht, M. H.; Dempfle, L. openurl 
  Title Gibt es in der Gruppenhaltung von Pferden bei der Abruffütterung am Automaten mehr Auseinandersetzungen als bei der Fütterung in Fressständen? [Keeping horses in groups, are there more confrontations when feeding is done with automatic feeding systems than with feeding stalls?] Type Book Chapter
  Year 2008 Publication KTBL-Schriften Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) 471 Issue Pages  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Das Droh- und Meideverhalten von 270 Pferden wurde im Fressbereich von 10 Offenlaufställen

mit Fressständen und 11 Offenlaufställen mit computergesteuerten Abrufstationen

anhand von visuellen kontinuierlichen Direktbeobachtungen erfasst. Diese erfolgten je Betrieb

über einen 24-Stunden-Tag, der nach dem Tortenstückverfahren (6x4 Stunden) zusammengesetzt

war.

Insgesamt wurden 6297 agonistische Verhaltensweisen in, vor und hinter den

Fütterungseinrichtungen registriert (Meiden 40,6 %, Verdrängen 12,8 %, Beißen/ Hinterhandschlag/

Angehen 12,7 % und Drohen/ Drohbeißen/ Hinterhanddrohen 33,9 %). In den

Futterstationen wurden 22,5 % dieses Verhaltens beobachtet, vor und hinter den Futterstationen

77,5 %. Bei den Betrieben mit Fressständen fanden 31 % der agonistischen Verhaltensweisen

in den Ständen statt, bei den Betrieben mit Abruffütterung 21 %.

Der Einfl uss des einzelnen Betriebes (innerhalb Fütterungssystem) auf die agonistischen

Verhaltensweisen vor und hinter den Fütterungseinrichtungen war signifi kant. Die Auswertung

ergab, dass Drohgesten im Wartebereich von Abrufstationen häufi ger auftreten

als in dem von Fressständen. Demgegenüber können Pferde in Abrufstationen ungestörter

fressen. Insgesamt betrachtet war jedoch die Anzahl an sozionegativen Interaktionen im

Bereich der Futtereinrichtungen bei beiden Fütterungssystemen gering. Die agonistischen

Verhaltensweisen wurden zusätzlich noch von der Heumenge und dem Konstitutionstyp

beeinfl usst.

Der Betrieb erwies sich als maßgeblicher Einfl ussfaktor. Als Resümee ergibt sich, dass

bei ordnungsgemäßer Gruppenhaltung mit fachgerechtem Management beide Fütterungssysteme

für Pferde im Offenlaufstall geeignet sind.

[The threatening and avoiding behaviour of 270 horses living in run-out sheds was observed

at 10 stables with feeding stalls and at 11 stables with automatic feeding systems for hay

and concentrates. Every group of horses was observed on five succeeding days visually

and immediately for 6 sessions, each of 4 hours. These 6 slices form together 24 hours, a

complete day.

Altogether, 6297 agonistic behaviour patterns were registered in front of, inside and

behind the feeding stations (avoiding behaviour 40.6 %, edging out of others 12.8 %,

Auseinandersetzungen an automatischer Abruffütterung und Fressständen

KTBL-Schrift 471 79

biting/rear leg kicking/charging 12.7 % und threatening/biting threats/rear leg kicking

threats 33.9 %). 22.5 % of these types of behaviour were recorded in the feeding stations,

77.5 % together in front and behind of these. In the stables with feeding stalls there were

31 % of the observed threatening gestures inside the feeding stations, in the stables with

automatic feeders only 21 %.

The individual farm showed signifi cant infl uence on the modes of agonistic behaviour

in front and behind the feeding facilities. Threatening gestures happen more often in the

waiting area of automatic feeders than in that of feeding stalls. On the other hand horses

in computer controlled systems will be less disturbed at eating. All together the number

of negative interactions in the feeding area at both feeding systems was relatively low.

In addition the agonistic behaviour was infl uenced by the quantity of hay and the constitutional

typ of the horses.

Because of the management of the individual stable exercises the most substantial

infl uence on the behaviour of the horses, it can be said, that, correct group keeping with

professional management provided, both feeding systems are suitable for horses in run-in

sheds.]
 
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher KTBL Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5763  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Nagy, M.; Akos, Z.; Biro, D.; Vicsek, T. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Hierarchical group dynamics in pigeon flocks Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume (down) 464 Issue 7290 Pages 890-893  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Animals that travel together in groups display a variety of fascinating motion patterns thought to be the result of delicate local interactions among group members1, 2, 3. Although the most informative way of investigating and interpreting collective movement phenomena would be afforded by the collection of high-resolution spatiotemporal data from moving individuals, such data are scarce4, 5, 6, 7 and are virtually non-existent for long-distance group motion within a natural setting because of the associated technological difficulties8. Here we present results of experiments in which track logs of homing pigeons flying in flocks of up to 10 individuals have been obtained by high-resolution lightweight GPS devices and analysed using a variety of correlation functions inspired by approaches common in statistical physics. We find a well-defined hierarchy among flock members from data concerning leading roles in pairwise interactions, defined on the basis of characteristic delay times between birds’ directional choices. The average spatial position of a pigeon within the flock strongly correlates with its place in the hierarchy, and birds respond more quickly to conspecifics perceived primarily through the left eye—both results revealing differential roles for birds that assume different positions with respect to flock-mates. From an evolutionary perspective, our results suggest that hierarchical organization of group flight may be more efficient than an egalitarian one, at least for those flock sizes that permit regular pairwise interactions among group members, during which leader–follower relationships are consistently manifested.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes 10.1038/nature08891 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5111  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Tricomi, E.; Rangel, A.; Camerer, C.F.; O/'Doherty, J.P. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Neural evidence for inequality-averse social preferences Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume (down) 463 Issue 7284 Pages 1089-1091  
  Keywords  
  Abstract A popular hypothesis in the social sciences is that humans have social preferences to reduce inequality in outcome distributions because it has a negative impact on their experienced reward1, 2, 3. Although there is a large body of behavioural and anthropological evidence consistent with the predictions of these theories1, 4, 5, 6, there is no direct neural evidence for the existence of inequality-averse preferences. Such evidence would be especially useful because some behaviours that are consistent with a dislike for unequal outcomes could also be explained by concerns for social image7 or reciprocity8, 9, which do not require a direct aversion towards inequality. Here we use functional MRI to test directly for the existence of inequality-averse social preferences in the human brain. Inequality was created by recruiting pairs of subjects and giving one of them a large monetary endowment. While both subjects evaluated further monetary transfers from the experimenter to themselves and to the other participant, we measured neural responses in the ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, two areas that have been shown to be involved in the valuation of monetary and primary rewards in both social and non-social contexts10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Consistent with inequality-averse models of social preferences, we find that activity in these areas was more responsive to transfers to others than to self in the ‘high-pay’ subject, whereas the activity of the ‘low-pay’ subject showed the opposite pattern. These results provide direct evidence for the validity of this class of models, and also show that the brain’s reward circuitry is sensitive to both advantageous and disadvantageous inequality.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes 10.1038/nature08785 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5119  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Clutton-Brock, T. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Cooperation between non-kin in animal societies Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume (down) 462 Issue 7269 Pages 51-57  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Explanations of cooperation between non-kin in animal societies often suggest that individuals exchange resources or services and that cooperation is maintained by reciprocity. But do cooperative interactions between unrelated individuals in non-human animals really resemble exchanges or are they a consequence of simpler mechanisms? Firm evidence of reciprocity in animal societies is rare and many examples of cooperation between non-kin probably represent cases of intra-specific mutualism or manipulation.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes 10.1038/nature08366 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5270  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Kihara, H.; Nakatani, H.; Hiromi, K.; Hon-Nami, K. doi  openurl
  Title Kinetic studies on redox reactions of hemoproteins. I. Reduction of thermoresistant cytochrome c-552 and horse heart cytochrome c by ferrocyanide Type Journal Article
  Year 1977 Publication Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Abbreviated Journal Biochim Biophys Acta  
  Volume (down) 460 Issue 3 Pages 480-489  
  Keywords Animals; Bacteria; *Cytochrome c Group; *Ferrocyanides; Horses; Kinetics; Mathematics; Oxidation-Reduction; Spectrophotometry; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Temperature; Thermodynamics  
  Abstract The oxidation-reduction reaction of horse heart cytochrome c and cytochrome c (552, Thermus thermophilus), which is highly thermoresistant, was studied by temperature-jump method. Ferrohexacyanide was used as reductant. (Formula: see text.) Thermodynamic and activation parameters of the reaction obtained for both cytochromes were compared with each other. The results of this showed that (1) the redox potential of cytochrome c-552, + 0.19 V, is markedly less than that of horse heart cytochrome c. (2) deltaHox of cytochrome c-552 is considerably lower than that of horse heart cytochrome c. (3) deltaSox and deltaSred of cytochrome c-552 are more negative than those of horse heart cytochrome c. (4) kred of cytochrome c-552 is much lower than that of horse heart cytochrome c at room temperature.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0006-3002 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:195599 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3815  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Kihara, H.; Nakatani, H.; Hiromi, K.; Hon-Nami, K.; Oshima, T. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Kinetic studies on redox reactions of hemoproteins. I. Reduction of thermoresistant cytochrome c-552 and horse heart cytochrome c by ferrocyanide Type Journal Article
  Year 1977 Publication Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Bioenergetics Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) 460 Issue 3 Pages 480-489  
  Keywords  
  Abstract The oxidation-reduction reaction of horse heart cytochrome c and cytochrome c (552, Thermus thermophilus), which is highly thermoresistant, was studied by temperature-jump method. Ferrohexacyanide was used as reductant. Thermodynamic and activation parameters of the reaction obtained for both cytochromes were compared with each other. The results of this showed that (1) the redox potential of cytochrome c-552,+0.19 V, is markedly less than that of horse heart cytochrome c. (2) [up triangle, open]Hox++ of cytochrome c-552 is considerably lower than that of horse heart cytochrome c. (3) [up triangle, open]Hox++ and [up triangle, open]Sred++ of cytoochrome c-552 are more negative than those of horse heart cytochrome c. (4) kred of cytochrome c-552 is much lower than that of horse heart cytochrome c at room temperature.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3986  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Harrison, S.A.; Tong, F. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Decoding reveals the contents of visual working memory in early visual areas Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume (down) 458 Issue 7238 Pages 632-635  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Visual working memory provides an essential link between perception and higher cognitive functions, allowing for the active maintenance of information about stimuli no longer in view1, 2. Research suggests that sustained activity in higher-order prefrontal, parietal, inferotemporal and lateral occipital areas supports visual maintenance3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and may account for the limited capacity of working memory to hold up to 3–4 items9, 10, 11. Because higher-order areas lack the visual selectivity of early sensory areas, it has remained unclear how observers can remember specific visual features, such as the precise orientation of a grating, with minimal decay in performance over delays of many seconds12. One proposal is that sensory areas serve to maintain fine-tuned feature information13, but early visual areas show little to no sustained activity over prolonged delays14, 15, 16. Here we show that orientations held in working memory can be decoded from activity patterns in the human visual cortex, even when overall levels of activity are low. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and pattern classification methods, we found that activity patterns in visual areas V1–V4 could predict which of two oriented gratings was held in memory with mean accuracy levels upwards of 80%, even in participants whose activity fell to baseline levels after a prolonged delay. These orientation-selective activity patterns were sustained throughout the delay period, evident in individual visual areas, and similar to the responses evoked by unattended, task-irrelevant gratings. Our results demonstrate that early visual areas can retain specific information about visual features held in working memory, over periods of many seconds when no physical stimulus is present.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes 10.1038/nature07832 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4944  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Ohtsuki, H.; Iwasa, Y.; Nowak, M.A. doi  openurl
  Title Indirect reciprocity provides only a narrow margin of efficiency for costly punishment Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume (down) 457 Issue 7225 Pages 79-82  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Indirect reciprocity1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is a key mechanism for the evolution of human cooperation. Our behaviour towards other people depends not only on what they have done to us but also on what they have done to others. Indirect reciprocity works through reputation5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. The standard model of indirect reciprocity offers a binary choice: people can either cooperate or defect. Cooperation implies a cost for the donor and a benefit for the recipient. Defection has no cost and yields no benefit. Currently there is considerable interest in studying the effect of costly (or altruistic) punishment on human behaviour18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25. Punishment implies a cost for the punished person. Costly punishment means that the punisher also pays a cost. It has been suggested that costly punishment between individuals can promote cooperation. Here we study the role of costly punishment in an explicit model of indirect reciprocity. We analyse all social norms, which depend on the action of the donor and the reputation of the recipient. We allow errors in assigning reputation and study gossip as a mechanism for establishing coherence. We characterize all strategies that allow the evolutionary stability of cooperation. Some of those strategies use costly punishment; others do not. We find that punishment strategies typically reduce the average payoff of the population. Consequently, there is only a small parameter region where costly punishment leads to an efficient equilibrium. In most cases the population does better by not using costly punishment. The efficient strategy for indirect reciprocity is to withhold help for defectors rather than punishing them.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes 10.1038/nature07601 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4705  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Behrens, T.E.J.; Hunt, L.T.; Woolrich, M.W.; Rushworth, M.F.S. doi  openurl
  Title Associative learning of social value Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume (down) 456 Issue 7219 Pages 245-249  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Our decisions are guided by information learnt from our environment. This information may come via personal experiences of reward, but also from the behaviour of social partners1, 2. Social learning is widely held to be distinct from other forms of learning in its mechanism and neural implementation; it is often assumed to compete with simpler mechanisms, such as reward-based associative learning, to drive behaviour3. Recently, neural signals have been observed during social exchange reminiscent of signals seen in studies of associative learning4. Here we demonstrate that social information may be acquired using the same associative processes assumed to underlie reward-based learning. We find that key computational variables for learning in the social and reward domains are processed in a similar fashion, but in parallel neural processing streams. Two neighbouring divisions of the anterior cingulate cortex were central to learning about social and reward-based information, and for determining the extent to which each source of information guides behaviour. When making a decision, however, the information learnt using these parallel streams was combined within ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that human social valuation can be realized by means of the same associative processes previously established for learning other, simpler, features of the environment.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes 10.1038/nature07538 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4681  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Milinski, M.; Rockenbach, B. doi  openurl
  Title Human behaviour: Punisher pays Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume (down) 452 Issue 7185 Pages 297-298  
  Keywords  
  Abstract The tendency of humans to punish perceived free-loaders, even at a cost to themselves, is an evolutionary puzzle: punishers perish, and those who benefit the most are those who have never punished at all.

Humans are champions of cooperation. Reciprocity – the idea that, if I help you this time, you'll help me next time1 – is a secret of our success.
 
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Nature Publishing Group Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes 10.1038/452297a Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4405  
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