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Author Li, W.; Howard, J.D.; Parrish, T.B.; Gottfried, J.A.
Title Supporting Online Material to: Aversive Learning Enhances Perceptual and Cortical Discrimination of Indiscriminable Odor Cues Type Miscellaneous
Year 2008 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science
Volume (down) 319 Issue 5871 Pages 1842-1845
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Abstract Learning to associate sensory cues with threats is critical for minimizing aversive experience. The ecological benefit of associative learning relies on accurate perception of predictive cues, but how aversive learning enhances perceptual acuity of sensory signals, particularly in humans, is unclear. We combined multivariate functional magnetic resonance imaging with olfactory psychophysics to show that initially indistinguishable odor enantiomers (mirror-image molecules) become discriminable after aversive conditioning, paralleling the spatial divergence of ensemble activity patterns in primary olfactory (piriform) cortex. Our findings indicate that aversive learning induces piriform plasticity with corresponding gains in odor enantiomer discrimination, underscoring the capacity of fear conditioning to update perceptual representation of predictive cues, over and above its well-recognized role in the acquisition of conditioned responses. That completely indiscriminable sensations can be transformed into discriminable percepts further accentuates the potency of associative learning to enhance sensory cue perception and support adaptive behavior.
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Notes 10.1126/science.1152837 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4409
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Author Blaine G,
Title Notes on the zebras and some antelopes of Angola Type Journal Article
Year 1922 Publication Abbreviated Journal Proc Zool Soc Lond
Volume (down) 317 Issue Pages 1-8
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Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no
Call Number Serial 946
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Author Silk, J.B.
Title Social Components of Fitness in Primate Groups Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science
Volume (down) 317 Issue 5843 Pages 1347-1351
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Abstract There is much interest in the evolutionary forces that favored the evolution of large brains in the primate order. The social brain hypothesis posits that selection has favored larger brains and more complex cognitive capacities as a means to cope with the challenges of social life. The hypothesis is supported by evidence that shows that group size is linked to various measures of brain size. But it has not been clear how cognitive complexity confers fitness advantages on individuals. Research in the field and laboratory shows that sophisticated social cognition underlies social behavior in primate groups. Moreover, a growing body of evidence suggests that the quality of social relationships has measurable fitness consequences for individuals.
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Notes 10.1126/science.1140734 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4239
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Author Pennisi, E.
Title PSYCHOLOGY: Nonhuman Primates Demonstrate Humanlike Reasoning Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science
Volume (down) 317 Issue 5843 Pages 1308-
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4240
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Author Wood, J.N.; Glynn, D.D.; Phillips, B.C.; Hauser, M.D.
Title The Perception of Rational, Goal-Directed Action in Nonhuman Primates Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science
Volume (down) 317 Issue 5843 Pages 1402-1405
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Abstract Humans are capable of making inferences about other individuals' intentions and goals by evaluating their actions in relation to the constraints imposed by the environment. This capacity enables humans to go beyond the surface appearance of behavior to draw inferences about an individual's mental states. Presently unclear is whether this capacity is uniquely human or is shared with other animals. We show that cotton-top tamarins, rhesus macaques, and chimpanzees all make spontaneous inferences about a human experimenter's goal by attending to the environmental constraints that guide rational action. These findings rule out simple associative accounts of action perception and show that our capacity to infer rational, goal-directed action likely arose at least as far back as the New World monkeys, some 40 million years ago.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4241
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Author Wood, J.N.; Glynn, D.D.; Phillips, B.C.; Hauser, M.D.
Title online material Type Miscellaneous
Year 2007 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science
Volume (down) 317 Issue 5843 Pages 1402-1405
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Abstract Humans are capable of making inferences about other individuals' intentions and goals by evaluating their actions in relation to the constraints imposed by the environment. This capacity enables humans to go beyond the surface appearance of behavior to draw inferences about an individual's mental states. Presently unclear is whether this capacity is uniquely human or is shared with other animals. We show that cotton-top tamarins, rhesus macaques, and chimpanzees all make spontaneous inferences about a human experimenter's goal by attending to the environmental constraints that guide rational action. These findings rule out simple associative accounts of action perception and show that our capacity to infer rational, goal-directed action likely arose at least as far back as the New World monkeys, some 40 million years ago.
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Notes 10.1126/science.1144663 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4242
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Author Dunbar, R.I.M.; Shultz, S.
Title Evolution in the Social Brain Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science
Volume (down) 317 Issue 5843 Pages 1344-1347
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Abstract The evolution of unusually large brains in some groups of animals, notably primates, has long been a puzzle. Although early explanations tended to emphasize the brain's role in sensory or technical competence (foraging skills, innovations, and way-finding), the balance of evidence now clearly favors the suggestion that it was the computational demands of living in large, complex societies that selected for large brains. However, recent analyses suggest that it may have been the particular demands of the more intense forms of pairbonding that was the critical factor that triggered this evolutionary development. This may explain why primate sociality seems to be so different from that found in most other birds and mammals: Primate sociality is based on bonded relationships of a kind that are found only in pairbonds in other taxa.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4243
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Author Herrmann, E.; Call, J.; Hernandez-Lloreda, M.V.; Hare, B.; Tomasello, M.
Title online material Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science
Volume (down) 317 Issue 5843 Pages 1360-1366
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Abstract Humans have many cognitive skills not possessed by their nearest primate relatives. The cultural intelligence hypothesis argues that this is mainly due to a species-specific set of social-cognitive skills, emerging early in ontogeny, for participating and exchanging knowledge in cultural groups. We tested this hypothesis by giving a comprehensive battery of cognitive tests to large numbers of two of humans' closest primate relatives, chimpanzees and orangutans, as well as to 2.5-year-old human children before literacy and schooling. Supporting the cultural intelligence hypothesis and contradicting the hypothesis that humans simply have more “general intelligence,” we found that the children and chimpanzees had very similar cognitive skills for dealing with the physical world but that the children had more sophisticated cognitive skills than either of the ape species for dealing with the social world.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4244
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Author Ash, C.; Chin, G.; Pennisi, E.; Sugden, A.
Title Living in Societies Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science
Volume (down) 317 Issue 5843 Pages 1337-
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4246
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Author Herrmann, E.; Call, J.; Hernandez-Lloreda, M.V.; Hare, B.; Tomasello, M.
Title Humans Have Evolved Specialized Skills of Social Cognition: The Cultural Intelligence Hypothesis Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science
Volume (down) 317 Issue 5843 Pages 1360-1366
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Abstract Humans have many cognitive skills not possessed by their nearest primate relatives. The cultural intelligence hypothesis argues that this is mainly due to a species-specific set of social-cognitive skills, emerging early in ontogeny, for participating and exchanging knowledge in cultural groups. We tested this hypothesis by giving a comprehensive battery of cognitive tests to large numbers of two of humans' closest primate relatives, chimpanzees and orangutans, as well as to 2.5-year-old human children before literacy and schooling. Supporting the cultural intelligence hypothesis and contradicting the hypothesis that humans simply have more “general intelligence,” we found that the children and chimpanzees had very similar cognitive skills for dealing with the physical world but that the children had more sophisticated cognitive skills than either of the ape species for dealing with the social world.
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Notes 10.1126/science.1146282 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4245
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