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Thornton Alex; Lukas Dieter |
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Individual variation in cognitive performance: developmental and evolutionary perspectives |
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2012 |
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
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Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |
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367 |
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1603 |
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2773-2783 |
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doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0214 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6555 |
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Van Schaik, C.P.; Burkart, J.M. |
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Title |
Social learning and evolution: the cultural intelligence hypothesis |
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2011 |
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Philos Trans R Soc B |
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366 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Van Schaik2011 |
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6227 |
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Emery, N.J.; Clayton, N.S.; Frith, C.D. |
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Title |
Introduction. Social intelligence: from brain to culture |
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2007 |
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Philos Trans R Soc B |
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Philos Trans R Soc B |
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362 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Emery2007 |
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6302 |
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Benson-Amram, S.; Holekamp, K.E. |
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Title |
Innovative problem solving by wild spotted hyenas |
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2012 |
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Proc R Soc B |
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Proc R Soc B |
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279 |
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4087-4095 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Benson-Amram2012 |
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6266 |
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Briefer, E.F.; Padilla de la Torre, M.; McElligott, A.G. |
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Title |
Mother goats do not forget their kids' calls |
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2012 |
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Proc R Soc B |
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279 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Briefer2012 |
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6282 |
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Marr, I.; Preisler, V.; Farmer, K.; Stefanski, V.; Krueger, K. |
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Title |
Non-invasive stress evaluation in domestic horses (Equus caballus): impact of housing conditions on sensory laterality and immunoglobulin A |
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Journal Article |
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2020 |
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Royal Society Open Science |
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Royal Society Open Science |
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7 |
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2 |
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191994 |
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The study aimed to evaluate sensory laterality and concentration of faecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) as non-invasive measures of stress in horses by comparing them with the already established measures of motor laterality and faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs). Eleven three-year-old horses were exposed to known stressful situations (change of housing, initial training) to assess the two new parameters. Sensory laterality initially shifted significantly to the left and faecal FGMs were significantly increased on the change from group to individual housing and remained high through initial training. Motor laterality shifted significantly to the left after one week of individual stabling. Faecal IgA remained unchanged throughout the experiment. We therefore suggest that sensory laterality may be helpful in assessing acute stress in horses, especially on an individual level, as it proved to be an objective behavioural parameter that is easy to observe. Comparably, motor laterality may be helpful in assessing long-lasting stress. The results indicate that stress changes sensory laterality in horses, but further research is needed on a larger sample to evaluate elevated chronic stress, as it was not clear whether the horses of the present study experienced compromised welfare, which it has been proposed may affect faecal IgA. |
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Royal Society |
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doi: 10.1098/rsos.191994 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6608 |
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Author |
Herbst, C.T.; Herzel, H.; Svec, J.G.; Wyman, M.T.; Fitch, W.T. |
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Title |
Visualization of system dynamics using phasegrams |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
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J R Soc Interface |
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10 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Herbst2013 |
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6487 |
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Krueger, K.; Marr, I.; Dobler, A.; Palme, R. |
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Title |
Preservation of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites and immunoglobulin A through silica gel drying for field studies in horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
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Conservation Physiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
conphys |
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7 |
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1 |
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Non-invasive methods enable stress evaluation through measuring fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the feces avoiding stressful blood drawing or stressful restraining of animals in the field. However, FGMs and IgA are mostly analysed in freshly frozen samples, which is difficult when fresh samples cannot be frozen immediately or frozen samples cannot be stored or transported. Good results were also derived from air-dried fecal samples, which are hampered by unstable air humidity in the field. These difficulties may be overcome, when drying of samples could be induced with colorless silica gel (SiO2) granules in a secure set-up, such as an air tight tube. We determined the speed of drying 1.5 g of a fresh fecal sample from six horses on air and on silica gel. Furthermore, FGMs and IgA were analysed in differently stored subsamples from 12 horses: in frozen fecal samples, in air- or silica gel-dried samples stored for 1 day and for 7 days, and in wet fecal samples kept in a tube at room temperature for 7 days. FGM levels remained stable in feces dried on air or on silica gel for 7 days, whereas IgA quantities showed a significant loss. Under field conditions, when freezing or transporting the frozen samples is not possible and humidity hampers air drying, drying samples on silica gel in air tight tubes appears to be very helpful and reliable for analysing FGMs. |
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2051-1434 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6594 |
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Author |
Edwards, K.L.; Bansiddhi, P.; Paris, S.; Galloway, M.; Brown, J.L. |
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The development of an immunoassay to measure immunoglobulin A in Asian elephant feces, saliva, urine and serum as a potential biomarker of well-being |
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2019 |
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Conservation Physiology |
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conphys |
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7 |
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1 |
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Additional measures of well-being would be beneficial to the management of a variety of species in human care, including elephants. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an immune protein associated with pathogen defense, which has been demonstrated to decrease during times of stress, and increase in response to positive stimuli. This paper describes the development and validation of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the quantification of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) IgA in feces, saliva, urine, and serum. Samples were collected weekly from four females for 6 months to assess IgA and glucocorticoid (GC) concentrations, establish relationships between these two biomarkers, and determine variability in IgA within and between individuals, and across sample types. IgA was quantified in all four sample types, although urinary concentrations were low and sometimes undetectable in individual samples. Concentrations were highly variable within and between individuals, with fecal, salivary and serum IgA, and fecal, salivary and urinary GCs all differing significantly across individuals. Contrary to previous findings, IgA and GC were generally not correlated. Serum IgA was less variable within individuals, with the exception of one female that experienced a brief illness during the study. However, marked inter-individual differences were still apparent. When data from all individuals were combined, fecal IgA was significantly predicted by salivary and urinary IgA; however, this relationship did not hold when individuals were analyzed separately. Analysis of a fifth female that exhibited a more severe systemic illness demonstrated clear increases in fecal IgA and GC, suggesting these may also be useful health biomarkers. Further investigation is needed to determine what sample type is most reflective of biological state in elephants, and how IgA concentrations are associated with health and positive and negative welfare states. Based on observed variability, a longitudinal approach likely will be necessary to use IgA as a measure of well-being. |
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2051-1434 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6591 |
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Morand-Ferron, J.; Cole, E.F.; Rawles, J.E.C.; Quinn, J.L. |
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Who are the innovators? A field experiment with 2 passerine species |
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2011 |
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Behav Ecol |
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22 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Morand-Ferron2011 |
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6264 |
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