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| Author | Fehr, E.; Gachter, S. | ||||
Title  |
Altruistic punishment in humans | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | Nature | |
| Volume | 415 | Issue | 6868 | Pages | 137-140 |
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| Abstract | Human cooperation is an evolutionary puzzle. Unlike other creatures, people frequently cooperate with genetically unrelated strangers, often in large groups, with people they will never meet again, and when reputation gains are small or absent. These patterns of cooperation cannot be explained by the nepotistic motives associated with the evolutionary theory of kin selection and the selfish motives associated with signalling theory or the theory of reciprocal altruism. Here we show experimentally that the altruistic punishment of defectors is a key motive for the explanation of cooperation. Altruistic punishment means that individuals punish, although the punishment is costly for them and yields no material gain. We show that cooperation flourishes if altruistic punishment is possible, and breaks down if it is ruled out. The evidence indicates that negative emotions towards defectors are the proximate mechanism behind altruistic punishment. These results suggest that future study of the evolution of human cooperation should include a strong focus on explaining altruistic punishment. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0028-0836 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4835 | ||
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| Author | Klingel H, | ||||
| Title |
Am Hitzepol der Erde zu Fuß auf Wildesel | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1973 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | Das Tier | |
| Volume | 8 | Issue | Pages | 10-15 u. 56 | |
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| Notes | from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1301 | |||
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| Author | American Museum of Natural History | ||||
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American Museum of Natural History | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 1914 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | 14 | Issue | Pages | ||
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| Publisher | American Museum of Natural History | Place of Publication | New York | Editor | |
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| Notes | Biodiversity Heritage Library | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5442 | ||
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| Author | GRAHAM A et al, | ||||
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An aerial survey of horses and other karge animals in Alice Springs and Gulf regions | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1986 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | Cons Comm North Terr Alice Springs Techn Rep | |
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| Notes | from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1123 | |||
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| Author | Santi, A.; Stanford, L.; Symons, J. | ||||
| Title |
An analysis of confusion errors in many-to-one matching with temporal and nontemporal samples | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 1 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 37-46 |
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| Abstract | In experiment 1, pigeons were trained to match temporal (2, 8, and 10 s of houselight) and location (feeder light, left key, center key illumination) samples to color comparison stimuli. Red choices were correct following the 2-s and feeder light, orange choices were correct following the 8-s and center key, and green choices were correct following the 10-s and left key. Samples that were harder to discriminate (8- vs 10-s, and left vs center key) were mapped onto comparisons that were easy to discriminate (orange vs green), while samples that were easier to discriminate (2- vs 8-s, and feeder light vs left key) were mapped onto comparisons that were hard to discriminate(red vs orange). The pattern of errors for temporal and location samples indicated that these samples were not represented by a common code even though they were associated with the same comparison stimuli. In experiment 2, the same pigeons were trained with visual samples in which samples that were hard to discriminate (triangle vs circle) were mapped onto comparisons that were easy to discriminate (orange vs green), while samples that were easy to discriminate(plus vs triangle) were mapped onto comparisons that were hard to discriminate (red vs orange). Following acquisition of the visual discrimination, the temporal samples were re-introduced and many-to-one training was continued. During delay testing, the pattern of errors for temporal and visual samples was equivalent and consistent with the hypothesis that visual samples were being coded in terms of the duration appropriate for the temporal sample with which it shared a common comparison response. Data from no-sample test sessions ruled out a simple response bias explanation of the data. The properties of common codes for temporal and nontemporal events can be somewhat flexible and more complicated than previously envisaged. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3218 | ||
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| Author | Nevin, J.A.; Shettleworth, S.J. | ||||
| Title |
An analysis of contrast effects in multiple schedules | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1966 | Publication | Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Anal Behav |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 305-315 |
| Keywords | Animals; Birds; *Conditioning (Psychology); Conditioning, Operant; Discrimination Learning; *Extinction, Psychological; Male; Reaction Time; *Reinforcement (Psychology) | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0022-5002 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:5961499 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 392 | ||
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| Author | VanDierendonck, M.C., de Vries, H., Schilder, M.B.H. | ||||
| Title |
An Analysis of Dominance, Its Behavioural Parameters and Possible Determinants in a Herd of Icelandic horses in captivity | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Netherlands Journal of Zoology | Abbreviated Journal | Netherl. J. Zool. |
| Volume | 45 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 362-385 |
| Keywords | Dominance; rank order; horses; Icelandic horses. | ||||
| Abstract | Feral horses are social animals, which have to rely on survival strategies centered on the formation of cohesive social bonds within their bands. Many problems in the husbandry of social animals such as horses, are due to the fact that the limits of their adaptive abilities are exceeded. Evidence suggests that the fundamental social characteristics of domestic horses have remained relatively unchanged. The social structure, social strategies and social interactions were investigated (3 non-consecutive years, 24 hr per day for several weeks) in long term established groups of domestic horses (mares and geldings of all ages) and a few small introduced groups, kept in (semi)natural environments. The general aim was to investigate the social needs of domestic horses. The social life of domestic horses was characterised by long lasting bonds with preferred partners which were established and maintained by allogrooming, play, proximity and dominance behaviours. Bonding partners were mainly found within the same sex-age group, but adult geldings also bonded with sub-adult mares and geldings. Adult mares were clustered in a group, while the other animals formed a second group. Among the adult mares, subgroups according to reproductive state were formed. Individuals regulated their social network by interfering with interactions between other members of the herd, which in itself is complex. An intervention is a behavioural action of one animal that actively interferes with an ongoing interaction between a dyad with the apparent aim of altering that interaction. This was verified by post-hoc analyses of disturbed and undisturbed interactions. Interventions in allogrooming or play were performed significantly more often when at least one member of the initial dyad was a preferred partner of, or familiar to (within the small introduced bands) the intervener. The stronger the preferred association in allogrooming between the intervener and member(s) of the initial dyad, the higher the probability the intervener would displace one initial member and continue allogrooming with the other. Just five behaviours were extracted which reliably reflected the dominance relations among horses. Aggression with the hind quarters was used both offensively and defensively and therefore not suitable as a reliable parameter. Individual dominance relationships were related to social experience. The implications of these findings for horse husbandry were assessed. It is argued that the execution of affiliative behaviours may be rewarding in itself, and therefore always will be a highly motivated behaviour. It is shown that social positive physical interactions (allogrooming, play) with other horses is an ethological need and therefore indispensable in modern husbandry systems. Ethological needs are so important for the animal that husbandry systems that lack the possibilities to execute such behaviours will cause chronic stress. It is concluded that all horses need physical social contact, and that horses, which lack appropriate social learning experiences during ontogeny, may be hampered in their social functioning later in life. Solutions for problems, including dominance problems, in individual social housing and group housing are presented. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2368 | ||
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| Author | VanDierendonck, M.C.; de Vries, H.; Schilder, M.B.H. | ||||
| Title |
An Analysis of Dominance, Its Behavioural Parameters and Possible Determinants in a Herd of Icelandic orses in Captivity | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Netherlands Journal of Zoology | Abbreviated Journal | Netherl. J. Zool. |
| Volume | 45 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 362-385 |
| Keywords | Dominance; rank order; horses; Icelandic horses. | ||||
| Abstract | Th e applicability of the concept of dominance was investigated in a captive herd of  Icelandic horses and  ponies of diff erent breeds. Eight out of  behaviours possibly related to dominance occurred frequently enough to be investigated in detail. For these eight agonistic behaviours the coverage, the unidirectionality in the exchange, and the degree of transitivity (Landau`s linearity index) were calculated. Four off ensive behaviours, together with avoidance, were suitable for further analysis with regard to dominance. Th e patterns of asymmetries with which these behaviours were exchanged were suffi ciently similar as to justify the application of the dominance concept and to construct a (nearly) linear dominance hierarchy. Th e rank order of the castrated stallions was completely linear, the hierarchy of the mares was almost completely linear. Th e results suggest that off ensive and defensive aggressive behaviours should be treated separately and that the concept of dominance is applicable. However, ritualized formal dominance signals between adult horses appear to be (almost) absent. Th e rank positions of the individuals were correlated with age and residency in the herd but not with height. Middle ranking horses tended to be more frequently in the close vicinity of another horse than high ranking or low ranking horses. Over and above this correlation at the individual level, it was found that pairs of horses close in rank to each other were more often also spatially close to each other. Being in oestrus did not infl uence the dominance relationships between mares. For castrated stallions the rank positions were correlated with the age at which they were castrated. Th is suggests that in male horses experience prior to neutering infl uences the behaviour afterwards. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 440 | ||
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| Author | Harrington, F.H.; Mech, L.D. | ||||
| Title |
An analysis of howling response parameters useful for wolf pack censusing | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1982 | Publication | J Wildl Manag | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 46 | Issue | Pages | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ Harrington1982 | Serial | 6456 | ||
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| Author | McCrory, P.; Turner, M.; LeMasson, B.; Bodere, C.; Allemandou, A. | ||||
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An analysis of injuries resulting from professional horse racing in France during 1991-2001: a comparison with injuries resulting from professional horse racing in Great Britain during 1992-2001 | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | British Journal of Sports Medicine | Abbreviated Journal | Br J Sports Med |
| Volume | 40 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 614-618 |
| Keywords | Accidental Falls/statistics & numerical data; Accidents, Occupational/statistics & numerical data; Animals; Athletic Injuries/*epidemiology/etiology; Female; France/epidemiology; Great Britain/epidemiology; *Horses; Humans; Incidence; Ireland/epidemiology; Male; Prospective Studies | ||||
| Abstract | BACKGROUND: It has been previously shown that professional jockeys suffer high rates of fatal and non-fatal injuries in the pursuit of their occupation. Little is known, however, about differences in injury rates between countries. AIM: To determine the rate of fatal and non-fatal injuries in flat and jump jockeys in France and to compare the injury rates with those in Great Britain and Ireland Method: Prospectively collected injury data on professional jockeys were used as the basis of the analysis. RESULTS: Limb fractures occur four times more often in both flat and jump racing in France than in Great Britain. Similarly dislocations are diagnosed 20 times more often in flat and three times more often in jump racing. This difference is surprising given that French jockeys have fewer falls per ride than their British counterparts in flat racing, although they do have more falls than the British in jump racing. Similarly concussion rates seem to be higher in French jockeys, although there may be a difference in the diagnostic methods used in the different countries. By contrast, soft tissue injuries account for a far smaller percentage of injuries than in Great Britain. CONCLUSION: There are striking differences in injury rates between countries which may be explained in part by a difference in track conditions-for example, harder tracks in France-or different styles of racing--for example, larger fields of horses per race in France. | ||||
| Address | Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. paulmccr@bigpond.net.au | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1473-0480 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16687479 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3762 | ||
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