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Author Henry, S.; Hemery, D.; Richard, M.-A.; Hausberger, M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Human-mare relationships and behaviour of foals toward humans Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 93 Issue 3-4 Pages 341-362  
  Keywords Horse; Human-animal relationship; Maternal influence; Early experience; Social facilitation  
  Abstract We studied experimentally whether horse dams influenced foals' relationships with humans. We investigated the influence of the establishment of positive human-mare relationships on foals' behaviour toward humans. Forty-one foals and their dams were involved in this experiment. Half of the mares were softly brushed and fed by hand during a short period (total of 1.25 h) during the first 5 days of their foals' lives (experimental group, n = 21). The other mares were not handled experimentally and their foals received no contact with the experimenter (control group, n = 20). The reactions of both experimental and control foals were recorded under various conditions, first, for 5 min in the presence of a motionless experimenter, when foals were 15 and 30-35 days old, then in an approach test when they were 15 days old and in a saddle-pad tolerance test when they were 30-35 days old. Finally, approach-stroking tests were performed successively by the familiar experimenter when foals were 11-13 months old and by an unfamiliar person when they were 13-15 months old. Several observations strongly suggest that mares can influence their foals' behaviour toward humans: (1) during the handling procedure, experimental foals of protective mares were further from the handler than foals of calm mares (p < 0.001); (2) experimental foals remained, at all ages, closer to the experimenter (p < 0.05) and initiated more physical contacts (sniffing, licking, etc.) with the experimenter (p < 0.05) than control foals; (3) avoidance and flight responses of experimental foals were considerably reduced during approaches by the experimenter (p < 0.01) and they accepted saddle-pads on their backs more easily (p < 0.01) and more quickly (p < 0.01) than control foals. Lastly, the consequences of handling mares had effects that lasted at least until foals were one year old (p < 0.05) and became generalized from experimenter to unfamiliar humans, who could approach and stroke experimental foals rapidly during a test (p < 0.05). This is the first report of an attempt to use observation of mother by foals to facilitate human-foal relationships. The procedure is simple, takes little time and can easily be applied to any dam-foal pair, as it is not intrusive and presents no risks of disrupting mare-foal bonds.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 331  
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Author Thorne, J.B.; Goodwin, D.; Kennedy, M.J.; Davidson, H.P.B.; Harris, P. doi  openurl
  Title Foraging enrichment for individually housed horses: Practicality and effects on behaviour Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 94 Issue 1-2 Pages 149-164  
  Keywords Horse; Foraging behaviour; Eating; Feeding; Enrichment; Welfare  
  Abstract The stabled (UK) or stalled (USA) horse is commonly fed a restricted-forage diet in contrast to the varied ad libitum high-fibre diet it evolved to consume. A low-forage diet has been linked to the performance of stereotypical behaviour and health problems including gastric ulceration and impaction colic (in cases where horses are bedded on straw). Provision of a diet closer to that which the horse is adapted to and which enables more natural feeding behaviour warrants investigation. This trial aimed to establish whether the behavioural effects observed in short-term trials when stabled horses were provided with a multiple forage diet persist over longer periods. It also aimed to develop a practical methodology for maintaining stabled horses under forage-enriched conditions. Nine horses (aged 5-20 years, various breeds), acting as their own controls, participated in an 18-day, cross-over, Latin Square designed trial, in which they received comparable weights of two dietary treatments: a Single Forage (SF, hay) diet and a Multiple Forage (MF) diet (three long-chop and three short-chop commercially available forages). Following a 2-day acclimatisation, horses were maintained on the forage treatments for 7 days. Horses were observed on alternate days, morning and afternoon, during the 25 min following forage presentation. Horses then crossed over onto their second treatment and, following a further 2 days' acclimatisation, the same protocol was followed for a further 7 days. Observations from video were made using The Observer 3.0(R) and SPPS (version 11). Horses on the MF treatment performed foraging behaviour significantly more frequently and for significantly longer periods than horses on the SF treatment. On the MF treatment horses sampled all forages during observations. However, there were significant differences in the frequency and duration of foraging on individual forages, indicating that horses demonstrated individual preferences for particular forages. Stereotypic weaving behaviour only occurred on the SF treatment. The results indicate that the potentially beneficial behavioural effects of short-term multiple forage provision do persist when horses are managed on a MF diet for a 7-day period. They suggest that a MF diet provides a means of enriching the stabled horse's environment, by offering variety and enabling patch foraging behaviour. The methodology proved practical for maintaining horses under forage-enriched conditions and could easily be adopted by horse owners to facilitate foraging behaviour.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 333  
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Author King, S.R.B.; Gurnell, J. doi  openurl
  Title Habitat use and spatial dynamics of takhi introduced to Hustai National Park, Mongolia Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Biological Conservation Abbreviated Journal Biol. Conserva.  
  Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 277-290  
  Keywords Home range; Habitat use; Equus przewalskii; Takhi; Reintroduction  
  Abstract The successful introduction of captive bred takhi or Przewalski's horse, Equus ferus przewalskii, into Mongolia in the 1990s is a good example of the benefits of ex situ conservation and one of the few examples of the recovery of an animal after it became extinct in the wild. This is also particularly interesting because virtually nothing was known about how takhi lived before they died out, and the introductions have enabled us to study how they have settled, and their ecology and behaviour within their former natural range. In this paper, we describe the movement, home range size and shape, and habitat use of takhi at one of the release areas, the 570 km2 Hustai National Park in Mongolia. Harem home ranges varied between 129 and 2399 ha, with 80% core areas of between 61 and 1196 ha. There was no relationship between range size and harem size, or length of time since release. Initially, harems stayed near their release enclosures, but over time they established home ranges further away. There was little overlap between home ranges of different harems, but neither was there evidence of exclusive range use. The more nutritious vegetation at lower elevations was preferentially selected. Thus the present situation looks good, but, as the population continues to grow, we anticipate that there will be potential problems related to intraspecific competition for water and vegetation resources, and the potential for hybridisation with domestic horses belonging to the local people. We consider the time it may take for takhi to reach carrying capacity within Hustai National Park and emphasise that continual monitoring of the population is essential because interventional management is likely to be required in the future.  
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Author Agrillo, C.; Dadda, M.; Bisazza, A. doi  openurl
  Title Quantity discrimination in female mosquitofish Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Animal cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.  
  Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 63-70  
  Keywords Animals; Cognition; *Cyprinodontiformes; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Mathematics; *Pattern Recognition, Visual  
  Abstract The ability in animals to count and represent different numbers of objects has received a great deal of attention in the past few decades. Cumulative evidence from comparative studies on number discriminations report obvious analogies among human babies, non-human primates and birds and are consistent with the hypothesis of two distinct and widespread mechanisms, one for counting small numbers (<4) precisely, and one for quantifying large numbers approximately. We investigated the ability to discriminate among different numerosities, in a distantly related species, the mosquitofish, by using the spontaneous choice of a gravid female to join large groups of females as protection from a sexually harassing male. In one experiment, we found that females were able to discriminate between two shoals with a 1:2 numerosity ratio (2 vs. 4, 4 vs. 8 and 8 vs. 16 fish) but failed to discriminate a 2:3 ratio (8 vs. 12 fish). In the second experiment, we studied the ability to discriminate between shoals that differed by one element; females were able to select the larger shoal when the paired numbers were 2 vs. 3 or 3 vs. 4 but not 4 vs. 5 or 5 vs. 6. Our study indicates that numerical abilities in fish are comparable with those of other non-verbal creatures studied; results are in agreement with the hypothesis of the existence of two distinct systems for quantity discrimination in vertebrates.  
  Address Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy. christian.agrillo@unipd.it  
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  ISSN 1435-9448 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:16868736 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 339  
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Author Clotfelter, E.D.; Paolino, A.D. url  doi
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  Title Bystanders to contests between conspecifics are primed for increased aggression in male fighting fish Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages 343-347  
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  Abstract We performed two experiments in which we allowed a male fighting fish, Betta splendens, designated a bystander, to observe aggressive contests between pairs of male conspecifics. Another male (naive male) observed an empty tank or two nonaggressive males, depending on the experiment. Immediately after these observation periods, we allowed the bystander and naive male to interact in a neutral area. In both experiments, bystander males were dominant over naive males in a significant number of the encounters. Bystander males performed significantly more aggressive behaviours (displays, chases and bites) than did naive males. Differences in dominance were not due to chance differences in body size. These findings demonstrate that exposure to aggression between conspecifics increases aggressive motivation in bystander male fighting fish. We discuss briefly the implications of such social experience on the formation of dominance hierarchies. Copyright 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 338  
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Author Gardner, A., West, S. A. doi  openurl
  Title Cooperation and Punishment, Especially in Humans Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication The American Naturalist Abbreviated Journal Americ. Natur.  
  Volume 164 Issue 6 Pages 753-764  
  Keywords kin selection, neighbor-modulated fitness, repression of  
  Abstract Explaining altruistic cooperation is one of the greatest

challenges faced by sociologists, economists, and evolutionary biologists.

The problem is determining why an individual would carry

out a costly behavior that benefits another. Possible solutions to this

problem include kinship, repeated interactions, and policing. Another

solution that has recently received much attention is the threat

of punishment. However, punishing behavior is often costly for the

punisher, and so it is not immediately clear how costly punishment

could evolve. We use a direct (neighbor-modulated) fitness approach

to analyze when punishment is favored. This methodology reveals

that, contrary to previous suggestions, relatedness between interacting

individuals is not crucial to explaining cooperation through punishment.

In fact, increasing relatedness directly disfavors punishing

behavior. Instead, the crucial factor is a positive correlation between

the punishment strategy of an individual and the cooperation it

receives. This could arise in several ways, such as when facultative

adjustment of behavior leads individuals to cooperate more when

interacting with individuals who are more likely to punish. More

generally, our results provide a clear example of how the fundamental

factor driving the evolution of social traits is a correlation between

social partners and how this can arise for reasons other than genealogical

kinship.
 
  Address University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT,  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 341  
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Author Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.; Bergman, T.J. doi  openurl
  Title Primate social cognition and the origins of language Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Trends in Cognitive Sciences Abbreviated Journal Trends. Cognit. Sci.  
  Volume 9 Issue 6 Pages 264-266  
  Keywords Animals; *Cognition; Humans; *Language; Papio; Psychological Theory; Social Behavior; *Social Perception  
  Abstract Are the cognitive mechanisms underlying language unique, or can similar mechanisms be found in other domains? Recent field experiments demonstrate that baboons' knowledge of their companions' social relationships is based on discrete-valued traits (identity, rank, kinship) that are combined to create a representation of social relations that is hierarchically structured, open-ended, rule-governed, and independent of sensory modality. The mechanisms underlying language might have evolved from the social knowledge of our pre-linguistic primate ancestors.  
  Address Departments of Biology and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. seyfarth@psych.upenn.edu  
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  ISSN 1364-6613 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:15925802 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 343  
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Author Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M. doi  openurl
  Title Recognition of other individuals' social relationships by female baboons Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 58 Issue 1 Pages 67-75  
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  Abstract We describe a series of playback experiments designed to test whether free-ranging baboons, Papio cynocephalus ursinus, recognize the calls of other group members and also associate signallers with their close genetic relatives. Pairs of unrelated females were played sequences of calls that mimicked a fight between their relatives. As controls, the same females heard sequences that involved either (1) only the more dominant female's relative or (2) neither of the females' relatives. When call sequences involved their relatives, subjects looked towards the speaker for a longer duration than when the sequences involved nonkin. When the sequences involved the other female's relative, they also looked towards that female. Subjects did not look towards one another when call sequences involved nonkin. Dominant subjects were more likely to supplant their subordinate partners following playbacks of sequences that mimicked a dispute between their relatives than following the two control trials. In contrast, both subjects were more likely to approach one another and to interact in a friendly manner following the two control trials than following the test trial. Results indicate that female baboons recognize the screams and threat grunts not only of their own close relatives but also of unrelated individuals. They also replicate previous studies in suggesting that female monkeys recognize the close associates of other individuals and adjust their interactions with others according to recent events involving individuals other than themselves. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.  
  Address Departments of Biology and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania  
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  ISSN 0003-3472 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:10413542 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 346  
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Author Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M. doi  openurl
  Title Reconciliatory grunts by dominant female baboons influence victims' behaviour Type Journal Article
  Year 1997 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 54 Issue 2 Pages 409-418  
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  Abstract Following aggressive interactions, dominant female baboons, Papio cynocephalus ursinusoccasionally grunt to their victims. To examine the effect of these apparently reconciliatory grunts on victims' subsequent behaviour, a series of playback experiments was designed to mimic reconciliation. Victims were played their opponents' grunts in the minutes immediately following a fight and then observed for half an hour. After hearing these grunts, victims approached their former opponents and also tolerated their opponents' approaches at significantly higher rates than they did under control conditions. They were also supplanted by their opponents at significantly lower rates. By contrast, playbacks of control females' grunts did not influence victims' behaviour. Playbacks of reconciliatory grunts did not increase the rate at which opponents approached or initiated friendly interactions with their former victims. Playbacks of reconciliatory grunts, therefore, appeared to influence victims', but not opponents', perception of recent events.  
  Address Departments of Biology and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania  
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  ISSN 0003-3472 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:9268473 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 347  
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Author Cheney, D.; Seyfarth, R.; Smuts, B. doi  openurl
  Title Social relationships and social cognition in nonhuman primates Type Journal Article
  Year 1986 Publication Science (New York, N.Y.) Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 234 Issue 4782 Pages 1361-1366  
  Keywords Animals; *Cognition; Female; Male; Pair Bond; Primates/*physiology; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Social Perception  
  Abstract Complex social relationships among nonhuman primates appear to contribute to individual reproductive success. Experiments with and behavioral observations of natural populations suggest that sophisticated cognitive mechanisms may underlie primate social relationships. Similar capacities are usually less apparent in the nonsocial realm, supporting the view that at least some aspects of primate intelligence evolved to solve the challenges of interacting with conspecifics.  
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  ISSN 0036-8075 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:3538419 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 349  
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