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Ferrero, D.M.; Moeller, L.M.; Osakada, T.; Horio, N.; Li, Q.; Roy, D.S.; Cichy, A.; Spehr, M.; Touhara, K.; Liberles, S.D. |
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Title |
A juvenile mouse pheromone inhibits sexual behaviour through the vomeronasal system |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
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Nature |
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Volume |
502 |
Issue  |
7471 |
Pages |
368-371 |
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Keywords |
Pheromone Olfactory receptors |
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Abstract |
Animals display a repertoire of different social behaviours. Appropriate behavioural responses depend on sensory input received during social interactions. In mice, social behaviour is driven by pheromones, chemical signals that encode information related to age, sex and physiological state1. However, although mice show different social behaviours towards adults, juveniles and neonates, sensory cues that enable specific recognition of juvenile mice are unknown. Here we describe a juvenile pheromone produced by young mice before puberty, termed exocrine-gland secreting peptide 22 (ESP22). ESP22 is secreted from the lacrimal gland and released into tears of 2- to 3-week-old mice. Upon detection, ESP22 activates high-affinity sensory neurons in the vomeronasal organ, and downstream limbic neurons in the medial amygdala. Recombinant ESP22, painted on mice, exerts a powerful inhibitory effect on adult male mating behaviour, which is abolished in knockout mice lacking TRPC2, a key signalling component of the vomeronasal organ2, 3. Furthermore, knockout of TRPC2 or loss of ESP22 production results in increased sexual behaviour of adult males towards juveniles, and sexual responses towards ESP22-deficient juveniles are suppressed by ESP22 painting. Thus, we describe a pheromone of sexually immature mice that controls an innate social behaviour, a response pathway through the accessory olfactory system and a new role for vomeronasal organ signalling in inhibiting sexual behaviour towards young. These findings provide a molecular framework for understanding how a sensory system can regulate behaviour. |
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Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved. |
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0028-0836 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5732 |
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Author |
Apicella, C.L.; Marlowe, F.W.; Fowler, J.H.; Christakis, N.A. |
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Title |
Social networks and cooperation in hunter-gatherers |
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Journal Article |
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2012 |
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Nature |
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481 |
Issue |
7382 |
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497-501 |
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Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved. |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/nature10736 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5577 |
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Author |
Chittka, L.; Dyer, A. |
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Title |
Cognition: Your face looks familiar |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2012 |
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Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
481 |
Issue |
7380 |
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154-155 |
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Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved. |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/481154a |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5494 |
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Author |
Weissing, F.J. |
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Title |
Animal behaviour: Born leaders |
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Journal Article |
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2011 |
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Nature |
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Volume |
474 |
Issue |
7351 |
Pages |
288-289 |
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Keywords |
* Animal behaviour * Evolution * Psychology |
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Social animals face a dilemma. To reap the benefits of group living, they have to stay together. However, individuals differ in their preferences as to where to go and what to do next. If all individuals follow their own preferences, group coherence is undermined, resulting in an outcome that is unfavourable for everyone. Neglecting one's own preferences and following a leader is one way to resolve this coordination problem. But what attributes make an individual a 'leader'? A modelling study by Johnstone and Manica1 illuminates this question. |
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Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved. |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/474288a |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5396 |
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Author |
Nagy, M.; Akos, Z.; Biro, D.; Vicsek, T. |
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Title |
Hierarchical group dynamics in pigeon flocks |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
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Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
464 |
Issue |
7290 |
Pages |
890-893 |
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Abstract |
Animals that travel together in groups display a variety of fascinating motion patterns thought to be the result of delicate local interactions among group members1, 2, 3. Although the most informative way of investigating and interpreting collective movement phenomena would be afforded by the collection of high-resolution spatiotemporal data from moving individuals, such data are scarce4, 5, 6, 7 and are virtually non-existent for long-distance group motion within a natural setting because of the associated technological difficulties8. Here we present results of experiments in which track logs of homing pigeons flying in flocks of up to 10 individuals have been obtained by high-resolution lightweight GPS devices and analysed using a variety of correlation functions inspired by approaches common in statistical physics. We find a well-defined hierarchy among flock members from data concerning leading roles in pairwise interactions, defined on the basis of characteristic delay times between birds’ directional choices. The average spatial position of a pigeon within the flock strongly correlates with its place in the hierarchy, and birds respond more quickly to conspecifics perceived primarily through the left eye—both results revealing differential roles for birds that assume different positions with respect to flock-mates. From an evolutionary perspective, our results suggest that hierarchical organization of group flight may be more efficient than an egalitarian one, at least for those flock sizes that permit regular pairwise interactions among group members, during which leader–follower relationships are consistently manifested. |
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Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/nature08891 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5111 |
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Author |
Tricomi, E.; Rangel, A.; Camerer, C.F.; O/'Doherty, J.P. |
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Title |
Neural evidence for inequality-averse social preferences |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
463 |
Issue |
7284 |
Pages |
1089-1091 |
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Abstract |
A popular hypothesis in the social sciences is that humans have social preferences to reduce inequality in outcome distributions because it has a negative impact on their experienced reward1, 2, 3. Although there is a large body of behavioural and anthropological evidence consistent with the predictions of these theories1, 4, 5, 6, there is no direct neural evidence for the existence of inequality-averse preferences. Such evidence would be especially useful because some behaviours that are consistent with a dislike for unequal outcomes could also be explained by concerns for social image7 or reciprocity8, 9, which do not require a direct aversion towards inequality. Here we use functional MRI to test directly for the existence of inequality-averse social preferences in the human brain. Inequality was created by recruiting pairs of subjects and giving one of them a large monetary endowment. While both subjects evaluated further monetary transfers from the experimenter to themselves and to the other participant, we measured neural responses in the ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, two areas that have been shown to be involved in the valuation of monetary and primary rewards in both social and non-social contexts10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Consistent with inequality-averse models of social preferences, we find that activity in these areas was more responsive to transfers to others than to self in the ‘high-pay’ subject, whereas the activity of the ‘low-pay’ subject showed the opposite pattern. These results provide direct evidence for the validity of this class of models, and also show that the brain’s reward circuitry is sensitive to both advantageous and disadvantageous inequality. |
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Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/nature08785 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5119 |
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Author |
Clutton-Brock, T. |
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Title |
Cooperation between non-kin in animal societies |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
462 |
Issue |
7269 |
Pages |
51-57 |
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Abstract |
Explanations of cooperation between non-kin in animal societies often suggest that individuals exchange resources or services and that cooperation is maintained by reciprocity. But do cooperative interactions between unrelated individuals in non-human animals really resemble exchanges or are they a consequence of simpler mechanisms? Firm evidence of reciprocity in animal societies is rare and many examples of cooperation between non-kin probably represent cases of intra-specific mutualism or manipulation. |
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Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved |
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0028-0836 |
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Notes |
10.1038/nature08366 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5270 |
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Author |
Harrison, S.A.; Tong, F. |
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Title |
Decoding reveals the contents of visual working memory in early visual areas |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
458 |
Issue |
7238 |
Pages |
632-635 |
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Abstract |
Visual working memory provides an essential link between perception and higher cognitive functions, allowing for the active maintenance of information about stimuli no longer in view1, 2. Research suggests that sustained activity in higher-order prefrontal, parietal, inferotemporal and lateral occipital areas supports visual maintenance3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and may account for the limited capacity of working memory to hold up to 3–4 items9, 10, 11. Because higher-order areas lack the visual selectivity of early sensory areas, it has remained unclear how observers can remember specific visual features, such as the precise orientation of a grating, with minimal decay in performance over delays of many seconds12. One proposal is that sensory areas serve to maintain fine-tuned feature information13, but early visual areas show little to no sustained activity over prolonged delays14, 15, 16. Here we show that orientations held in working memory can be decoded from activity patterns in the human visual cortex, even when overall levels of activity are low. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and pattern classification methods, we found that activity patterns in visual areas V1–V4 could predict which of two oriented gratings was held in memory with mean accuracy levels upwards of 80%, even in participants whose activity fell to baseline levels after a prolonged delay. These orientation-selective activity patterns were sustained throughout the delay period, evident in individual visual areas, and similar to the responses evoked by unattended, task-irrelevant gratings. Our results demonstrate that early visual areas can retain specific information about visual features held in working memory, over periods of many seconds when no physical stimulus is present. |
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Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/nature07832 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4944 |
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Author |
Ohtsuki, H.; Iwasa, Y.; Nowak, M.A. |
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Title |
Indirect reciprocity provides only a narrow margin of efficiency for costly punishment |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
457 |
Issue |
7225 |
Pages |
79-82 |
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Abstract |
Indirect reciprocity1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is a key mechanism for the evolution of human cooperation. Our behaviour towards other people depends not only on what they have done to us but also on what they have done to others. Indirect reciprocity works through reputation5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. The standard model of indirect reciprocity offers a binary choice: people can either cooperate or defect. Cooperation implies a cost for the donor and a benefit for the recipient. Defection has no cost and yields no benefit. Currently there is considerable interest in studying the effect of costly (or altruistic) punishment on human behaviour18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25. Punishment implies a cost for the punished person. Costly punishment means that the punisher also pays a cost. It has been suggested that costly punishment between individuals can promote cooperation. Here we study the role of costly punishment in an explicit model of indirect reciprocity. We analyse all social norms, which depend on the action of the donor and the reputation of the recipient. We allow errors in assigning reputation and study gossip as a mechanism for establishing coherence. We characterize all strategies that allow the evolutionary stability of cooperation. Some of those strategies use costly punishment; others do not. We find that punishment strategies typically reduce the average payoff of the population. Consequently, there is only a small parameter region where costly punishment leads to an efficient equilibrium. In most cases the population does better by not using costly punishment. The efficient strategy for indirect reciprocity is to withhold help for defectors rather than punishing them. |
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Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/nature07601 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4705 |
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Author |
Behrens, T.E.J.; Hunt, L.T.; Woolrich, M.W.; Rushworth, M.F.S. |
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Title |
Associative learning of social value |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
456 |
Issue |
7219 |
Pages |
245-249 |
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Abstract |
Our decisions are guided by information learnt from our environment. This information may come via personal experiences of reward, but also from the behaviour of social partners1, 2. Social learning is widely held to be distinct from other forms of learning in its mechanism and neural implementation; it is often assumed to compete with simpler mechanisms, such as reward-based associative learning, to drive behaviour3. Recently, neural signals have been observed during social exchange reminiscent of signals seen in studies of associative learning4. Here we demonstrate that social information may be acquired using the same associative processes assumed to underlie reward-based learning. We find that key computational variables for learning in the social and reward domains are processed in a similar fashion, but in parallel neural processing streams. Two neighbouring divisions of the anterior cingulate cortex were central to learning about social and reward-based information, and for determining the extent to which each source of information guides behaviour. When making a decision, however, the information learnt using these parallel streams was combined within ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that human social valuation can be realized by means of the same associative processes previously established for learning other, simpler, features of the environment. |
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Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/nature07538 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4681 |
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