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Author Dirschl Hj, W.S. openurl 
  Title Grevy's Zebra abundance and distribution in Kenya, 1977 Type Journal Article
  Year 1978 Publication Abbreviated Journal Ministry Tourism and Wildl; Areal survey rep ser  
  Volume 4 Issue Pages (up)  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1014  
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Author Dirschl Hj, W.S. openurl 
  Title Population indices and distribution of the Grevy's Zebra in Kenya, 1977 Type Journal Article
  Year 1978 Publication Abbreviated Journal Aerial Survey Rep  
  Volume 4 Issue Pages (up)  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1015  
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Author Duerst Ju, openurl 
  Title Das Alter des Pferdes und dessen Bestimmung Type Book Whole
  Year 1922 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1026  
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Author Krueger, K. pdf  isbn
openurl 
  Title Social learning and innovative behaviour in horses Type Conference Article
  Year 2015 Publication Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting Abbreviated Journal Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg  
  Volume Issue Pages (up)  
  Keywords social learning, innovative behaviour, Equus caballus, cognitive capacities  
  Abstract The evaluation of important parameters for measuring the horses’ cognitive capacities is one of the central topics of the equine behaviour team at Nürtingen-Geislingen University. Social complexity has been said to be one of the settings in which needs for cognitive capacities arise in animals. A variety of studies throughout the last two decades proved the horses’ social complexity to be far more elaborate than previously assumed. Horses form social bonds for the protection of offspring, intervene in encounters of others, identify group mates individually and easily orientate in a fission fusion society.

In such socially complex societies, animals will benefit from learning socially. In many bird and primate species the degree of social complexity correlates nicely with the species abilities for social learning. Social learning was, therefore, argued to be an indicator for elaborate mental capacities in animals. We were delighted to prove that horses actually copy social behaviour and techniques for operating a feeding apparatus from older and higher ranking group members. In a recent study we found young horses, at the age of 3 to 12, to copy the operation of a feeding apparatus from a human demonstrator. Social learning seems to work nicely in horses when the social background of the animals is considered.

The degree to which individual animals adapt to changes in their social or physical environment by finding innovative solution appears to be the other side of the coin, of whether animals adjust to challenges by social learning. It is not very astonishing, that along with the animals’ social complexity and their ability to learn socially also the degree to which they show innovative behaviour was claimed to be one of the most important demonstrations of advanced cognitive capacities. In a recent approach, we started to ask horse owners and horse keepers in many countries to tell us about unusual behaviour of their horses via a web site (http://innovative-behaviour.org). To date, we received 204 cases of innovative behaviour descriptions from which six cases were clear examples of tool use or borderline tool use. We categorized the innovative behaviours into the classes, a) innovations to gain food, b) innovations to gain freedom, c) social innovations, d) innovations to increase maintenance, and e) innovations that could not be clearly assigned to a category. About 20% of the innovative horses showed more than one innovation. These animals could be termed “true innovators”. Again, young horses were more innovative than older ones with the age group 5 – 9 showing the highest number of innovative behaviour descriptions.

In a nutshell, the horses’ cognitive capacities appear to be underestimated throughout the last decades. The horses’ social complexity is far more elaborate than previously assumed, horses learn socially from conspecific and humans, some of them demonstrate innovative behaviour adaptations to their environment and even simple forms of tool use.
 
  Address  
  Corporate Author Krueger, K. Thesis  
  Publisher Xenophon Publishing Place of Publication Wald Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume in prep Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN 978-3-95625-000-2 Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5848  
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Author Duncan P, isbn  openurl
  Title Zebras, asses, and horses Type Book Whole
  Year 1992 Publication Kelvyn Press USA Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages (up)  
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  Abstract Provides summaries of the conservation status, biology, and ecology of wild zebras, asses, and horses. The Action Plan presents chapters on taxonomy, genetics, reproductive biology, population dynamics, management, disease and epidemiology, and the importance of developing an assessment methodology that considers the role of equids in ecosystems.  
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  Publisher Kelvyn Press Place of Publication Broadview, Illinois Editor  
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  ISSN ISBN 978-2831700564 Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List JA - Approved yes  
  Call Number Serial 1032  
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Author Ebedes H, openurl 
  Title Notes on the immobilisation and biology of zebra in Etosha Game Parc Type Journal Article
  Year 1966 Publication Abbreviated Journal J S Afr vet med Ass  
  Volume 37 Issue Pages (up)  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1037  
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Author Ebhardt H, openurl 
  Title Ein Pferdeknochen-Mann schaut sich Zebra-Knochen an Type Book Whole
  Year 1956 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1042  
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Author Ebhardt H, openurl 
  Title Linker Unterkiefer-Ast eines Zebra-Schädels aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Braunschweig 1893 Type Book Whole
  Year 1958 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1043  
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Author Eisenmann V, openurl 
  Title Quagga Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Abbreviated Journal Mammoth Trumpet  
  Volume 2 Issue Pages (up)  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1056  
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Author Fao, openurl 
  Title The Przewalski horse and restoration to its natural habitat in Mongolia. JO FAO Animal Production and Health Paper Type Journal Article
  Year 1986 Publication Abbreviated Journal Animal Production and Health Paper  
  Volume 61 Issue Pages (up)  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Prof. Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1078  
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