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Author Moons, C.; Heleski, C.R.; Leece, C.M.; Zanella, A.J. url  openurl
  Title Conflicting Results in the Association Between Plasma and Salivary Cortisol Levels in Foals Type Manuscript
  Year 2002 Publication Havemeier Workshop Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages (up)  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Introduction

Glucocorticoids are present in many biological fluids as a free fraction or bound to Corticoid

Binding Globulins (CBG) (Matteri et al, 2000). There are conflicting claims regarding the validity of

saliva as a biological fluid to measure cortisol in horses (Lebelt et al, 1996; McGreevy and Pell, 1998;

van der Kolk et al, 2001). Measuring changes in salivary cortisol levels in normal horses and horses

with Cushing`s disease van der Kolk and collaborators (2001) demonstrated the validity of saliva to

assess adrenal function. Puzzling results were reported by McGreevy and Pell (1998) who suggested

that plasma and salivary cortisol concentrations in horses showing oral stereotypies were correlated

but this association was non-existent in control animals. Investigating the responses of foals to

branding and foot-trimming Zanella et al (unpublished results) were unable to identify a relationship

between plasma and salivary cortisol levels in foals. In several species, levels of cortisol in plasma and

saliva are tightly correlated (Fenske, 1996). Cortisol found in blood consists of a fraction bound to

corticoid binding globulin (CBG) and a free, unbound fraction. Free cortisol represents the

biologically active fraction of this steroid hormone. Salivary cortisol reflects the unbound fraction

found in plasma or serum and it passes readily through the parotid membrane (Riad-Fahmy, 1983;

Horning Walker et al,1977). Unbound steroids transfer rapidly between plasma and saliva

(Walker,1989; Scott et al 1990). Saliva flow-rate does not appear to influence saliva cortisol levels in

different species (Hubert and de Jong-Meyer, 1989; Walker 1989, Scott et a, 1990). In horses, Lebelt

et al (1996) reported that salivary and plasma total cortisol in stallions were correlated. We

hypothesized that changes in salivary cortisol in foals would show a pattern that is correlated to that of

plasma free and plasma total cortisol concentrations in foals. In addition, we anticipated that the lack

of good sampling techniques provides an explanation for the failure in determining the association

between salivary and plasma cortisol in foals.
 
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 470  
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Author McGreevy, P.D. url  openurl
  Title Development and Resolution of Behavioural Problems with the Type Conference Article
  Year Publication Havemeier Workshop Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages (up)  
  Keywords  
  Abstract The ideals of equestrian technique combine art and science. Therefore students of equitation

encounter measurable variables such as rhythm, tempo and impulsion alongside more ethereal ones

such as outline and harmony. This mixture accounts for many of the idiosyncrasies of equestrianism

including the subjective scoring of performance in dressage tests, the elusiveness of perfection even at

an elite level of competition and the difficulty of expressing equestrian technique in empirical terms

(Roberts, 1992).

This chapter will describe and offer examples of the unwelcome behavioural responses horses

produce under saddle. Two broad sections are then proposed to allow the reader to consider

unwelcome behavioural responses caused directly by humans as distinct from those attributable more

to the horse than the rider. Ultimately the responsibility for problems in the ridden horse lies with

humans since we have undertaken the domestication and exploitation of equids. Therefore it is

accepted that the dichotomy is not absolute. The chapter closes with a
 
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 471  
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Author Feh, C. url  isbn
openurl 
  Title Relationships and Communication in Socially Natural Horse Herds Type Book Chapter
  Year 2005 Publication The domestic horse : the origins, development, and management of its behaviour Abbreviated Journal The domestic horse : the origins, development, and management of its behaviour  
  Volume Issue Pages (up)  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Horses are quite unique. In most mammals, sexes segregate and maintain bonds only during the breeding season (Clutton-Brock, 1989). Some canids, a few rodents and primate species such as gorillas, hamadryas baboons and red howler monkeys are the exception, where the same males stay with the same females all year round and over many breeding seasons. Typically, both sexes disperse at puberty in these species. In horses, it was clearly shown that the causes for female dispersal were incest avoidance and not intra-specific competition (Monard, 1996). As a rule, this is confirmed for mammal species where tenure length by males exceeds the age at first reproduction in females (Clutton-Brock, 1989). When horses are allowed to choose their mating partner freely, the inbreeding coefficient of the offspring is lower than expected should they mate randomly (Duncan et al, 1984).  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Cambridge University Press 2005 Place of Publication Cambridge Editor Mills, D. S. ; McDonnell, , S. M.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN 13 978-0-521-81414-6 Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @; Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.092 Serial 472  
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Author R. A. Hopkins url  openurl
  Title CALIFORNIA WILDLIFE HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS SYSTEM Type Manuscript
  Year Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume M174 Issue Pages (up)  
  Keywords Feral Horse Equus caballus  
  Abstract  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 476  
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Author Nicol, C.J url  openurl
  Title Equine Stereotypies. In: Houpt K.A. (Ed.), Type Book Chapter
  Year 2000 Publication Recent Advances in Companion Animal Behavior Problems Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages (up)  
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  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher International Veterinary Information Service Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 477  
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Author Cheney, D. l .; Seyfarth, R. M. url  openurl
  Title Social complexity and the information acquired during eavesdropping by primates and other animals Type Book Chapter
  Year 2004 Publication Animal Communication networks Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages (up)  
  Keywords  
  Abstract In many of the studies reviewed in this book, eavesdropping takes the

following form: a subject has the opportunity to monitor, or eavesdrop upon, an

interaction between two other animals,Aand B. The subject then uses the information

obtained through these observations to assess A`s and B`s relative dominance

or attractiveness as a mate (e.g. Mennill et al., 2002; Ch. 2). For example, Oliveira

et al. (1998) found that male fighting fish Betta splendens that had witnessed two

other males involved in an aggressive interaction subsequently responded more

strongly to the loser of that interaction than the winner. Subjects-behaviour could

not have been influenced by any inherent differences between the two males, because

subjects responded equally strongly to the winner and the loser of competitive

interactions they had not observed. Similarly, Peake et al. (2001) presented

male great tits Parus major with the opportunity to monitor an apparent competitive

interaction between two strangers by simulating a singing contest using two

loudspeakers. The relative timing of the singing bouts (as measured by the degree

of overlap between the two songs) provided information about each “contestants”

relative status. Following the singing interaction, one of the “contestants” was

introduced into the male`s territory. Males responded significantly less strongly

to singers that had apparently just “lost” the interaction (see also McGregor &

Dabelsteen, 1996; Naguib et al., 1999; Ch. 2).

What information does an individual acquire when it eavesdrops on others?

In theory, an eavesdropper could acquire information of many different sorts:

about A, about B, about the relationship between A and B, or about the place of

Animal Communication Networks, ed. Peter K. McGregor. Published by Cambridge University Press.

c.

Cambridge University Press 2005.

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584 D. L. Cheney & R. M. Seyfarth

A`s and B`s relationship in a larger social framework. The exact information acquired

will probably reflect the particular species social structure. For example,

songbirds like great tits live in communities in which six or seven neighbours

surround each territory-holding male. Males appear to benefit from the knowledge

that certain individuals occupy specific areas (e.g. Brooks & Falls, 1975), that

competitive interactions between two different neighbours have particular outcomes,

and that these outcomes are stable over time. We would, therefore, expect

an eavesdropping great tit not only to learn that neighbour A was dominant to

neighbour B, for example, but also to form the expectation that A was likely to

defeat B in all future encounters. More speculatively, because the outcome of territorial

interactions are often site specific (reviewed by Bradbury & Vehrencamp,

1998), we would expect eavesdropping tits to learn further that A dominates B

in some areas but B dominates A in others. In contrast, the information gained

from monitoring neighbours interactions would unlikely be sufficient to allow

the eavesdropper to rank all of its neighbours in a linear dominance hierarchy,

because not all neighbouring males would come into contact with one another.

Such information would be difficult if not impossible to acquire; it might also be

of little functional value.

In contrast, species that live in large, permanent social groups have a much

greater opportunity to monitor the social interactions of many different individuals

simultaneously. Monkey species such as baboons Papio cynocephalus, for

example, typically live in groups of 80 or more individuals, which include several

matrilineal families arranged in a stable, linear dominance rank order (Silk et al.,

1999). Offspring assume ranks similar to those of their mothers, and females maintain

close bonds with their matrilineal kin throughout their lives. Cutting across

these stable long-term relationships based on rank and kinship are more transient

bonds: for example, the temporary associations formed between unrelated

females whose infants are of similar ages, and the “friendships” formed between

adult males and lactating females as an apparent adaptation against infanticide

(Palombit et al., 1997, 2001). In order to compete successfully within such groups, it

would seem advantageous for individuals to recognize who outranks whom, who

is closely bonded to whom, and who is likely to be allied to whom (Harcourt, 1988,

1992; Cheney & Seyfarth, 1990; see below). The ability to adopt a third party`s perspective

and discriminate among the social relationships that exist among others

would seem to be of great selective benefit.

In this chapter, we review evidence for eavesdropping in selected primate

species and we consider what sort of information is acquired when one individual

observes or listens in on the interactions of others. We then compare eavesdropping

by primates with eavesdropping in other animal species, focusing on both

potential differences and directions for further research
 
  Address  
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  Publisher Cambridge University Press Place of Publication Cambridge, Massachusetts Editor McGregor, P.K.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 495  
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Author Mendl M, Held Z. isbn  openurl
  Title Living in gourps: Evolutionary Perspective Type Book Chapter
  Year Publication Social Behavior in Farm Animals Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages (up)  
  Keywords  
  Abstract An understanding of social behavior is increasingly necessary in farm animal husbandry as more animals are housed in groups rather than in individual stalls or pens. There may be economic or welfare reasons for such housing. This book is the first to specifically address this important subject. The chapters fall into three broad subject areas: concepts in social behavior; species specific chapters; current issues. Authors include leading experts from Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand.  
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  ISSN ISBN 9780851993973 Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 512  
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Author Linklater, W. L.; Cameron, E. Z.; Stafford, K. J.; Minot, E. O. url  openurl
  Title Estimating Kaimanawa feral horse population size and growth Type Conference Article
  Year Publication SCIENCE & RESEARCH INTERNAL REPORT 185 Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages (up)  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Animal flight behaviour in response to aircraft could have a profound influence

on the accuracy and precision of aerial estimates of population size but is rarely

investigated. Using independent observers on the ground and in the air we

recorded the presence and behaviour of 17 groups, including 136 individually

marked horses, during a helicopter count in New Zealand’s Kaimanawa

Mountains. We also compared the helicopter count with ground-based

estimates using mark-resight and line-transect methods in areas ranging from

20.5 to 176 km2. Helicopter counts were from 16% smaller to 54% larger than

ground-based estimates. The helicopter induced a flight response in all horse

groups monitored. During flight, horse groups traveled from 0.1 up to 2.75 km

before leaving the ground observer’s view and temporarily changed in size and

composition. A tenth of the horses were not counted and a quarter counted

twice. A further 23 (17%) may have been counted twice but only two of the

three observers’ records concurred. Thus, the helicopter count over-estimated

the marked sub-population by at least 15% and possibly by up to 32%. The net

over-estimate of the marked sub-population corresponded to the 17% and 13%

difference between helicopter counts and ground-based estimates in the central

study area and for the largest area sampled, respectively. Feral horse flight

behaviour should be considered when designing methods for population

monitoring using aircraft. We identify the characteristics of the helicopter

count that motivated horse flight behaviour. We compared our own recent

estimate of population growth from measures of fecundity and mortality (λ =

1.096 with an earlier-published one (λ = 1.182, where r = 0.167) that had been

derived by interpolating between the available history of single counts. Our

model of population growth, standardised aerial counts, and historical estimates

of annual reproduction suggest that the historical sequence of counts since

1979 probably over-estimated growth because count techniques improved and

greater effort was expended in successive counts. We used line-transect, markresight

and dung density sampling methods for population monitoring and

discuss their advantages and limitations over helicopter counts.
 
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 515  
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Author Wakeling,E url  openurl
  Title Feral Horses of the West Type Conference Volume
  Year 2002 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages (up)  
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  Abstract  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 516  
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Author Sharp, T.; Saunders, G. url  openurl
  Title mustering of feral horses Type Manuscript
  Year Publication Ecology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages (up)  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Background

Feral horses (Equus caballus) can cause significant environmental damage and losses to

rural industries. Although considered pests, feral horses are also a resource, providing

products such as pet meat for the domestic market and meat for human consumption

for the export market. Control methods include trapping, mustering exclusion fencing,

ground shooting and shooting from helicopters.

Feral horses are mustered by helicopter, motorbike or on horseback, sometimes with the

assistance of coacher horses. Once mustered into yards, net traps or fenced paddocks, the

horses are usually sold to abattoirs for slaughter which can offset the costs of capture and

handling. Less commonly, they are sold as riding horses or relocated to reserves or horse

sanctuaries. Where there is no market for them or where removal may be too costly or

impractical e.g. in conservation areas or remote areas without access to transportation,

horses are sometimes destroyed by shooting in the yards.

This standard operating procedure (SOP) is a guide only; it does not replace or

override the legislation that applies in the relevant State or Territory jurisdiction.

The SOP should only be used subject to the applicable legal requirements (including

OH&S) operating in the relevant jurisdiction.
 
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 517  
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