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Author Horner, V.; Whiten, A. doi  openurl
  Title Learning from others' mistakes limits on understanding a trap-tube task by young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and children (Homo sapiens) Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Journal of comparative psychology Abbreviated Journal J Comp Psychol  
  Volume 121 Issue 1 Pages 12-21  
  Keywords  
  Abstract A trap-tube task was used to determine whether chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and children (Homo sapiens) who observed a model's errors and successes could master the task in fewer trials than those who saw only successes. Two- to 7-year-old chimpanzees and 3- to 4-year-old children did not benefit from observing errors and found the task difficult. Two of the 6 chimpanzees developed a successful anticipatory strategy but showed no evidence of representing the core causal relations involved in trapping. Three- to 4-year-old children showed a similar limitation and tended to copy the actions of the demonstrator, irrespective of their causal relevance. Five- to 6-year-old children were able to master the task but did not appear to be influenced by social learning or benefit from observing errors.  
  Address Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, UK. vhorner@rmy.emory.edu  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Washington, D.C. : 1983 Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0735-7036 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:17324071 Approved (down) yes  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 728  
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Author Horowitz, A.C. doi  openurl
  Title Do humans ape? Or do apes human? Imitation and intention in humans (Homo sapiens) and other animals Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication Journal of comparative psychology Abbreviated Journal J Comp Psychol  
  Volume 117 Issue 3 Pages 325-336  
  Keywords Adolescent; Adult; Animals; *Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Child, Preschool; Concept Formation; Female; Humans; *Imitative Behavior; Male; Motivation; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; *Problem Solving; *Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; Species Specificity  
  Abstract A. Whiten, D. M. Custance, J.-C. Gomez, P. Teixidor, and K. A. Bard (1996) tested chimpanzees' (Pan troglodytes) and human children's (Homo sapiens) skills at imitation with a 2-action test on an “artificial fruit.” Chimpanzees imitated to a restricted degree; children were more thoroughly imitative. Such results prompted some to assert that the difference in imitation indicates a difference in the subjects' understanding of the intentions of the demonstrator (M. Tomasello, 1996). In this experiment, 37 adult human subjects were tested with the artificial fruit. Far from being perfect imitators, the adults were less imitative than the children. These results cast doubt on the inference from imitative performance to an ability to understand others' intentions. The results also demonstrate how any test of imitation requires a control group and attention to the level of behavioral analysis.  
  Address Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. ahorowitz@crl.ucsd.edu  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Washington, D.C. : 1983 Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0735-7036 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:14498809 Approved (down) yes  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 736  
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Author Becker, C. D.; Ginsberg, J. R. doi  openurl
  Title Mother-infant behaviour of wild Grevy's zebra: adaptations for survival in semidesert East Africa Type Journal Article
  Year 1990 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 40 Issue 6 Pages 1111-1118  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Mother-infant interactions and patterns of foal behaviour in the Grevy's zebra, Equus grevyi, differe from those reported for other equids. Grevy's zebra foals exhibit longer intervals between suckling bouts, do not drink water until they are 3 months old, and reach independence from the mare sooner than other equids. Furthermore, Grevy's zebra foals advance their acquisition of adult feeding behaviour. A 6-week-old Grevy's zebra foal spends as much time feeding as a 5-month-old wild horse foal. From the time their foals are born until the foals reach an age of 3 months, females form small groups (three females and their foals). These groups are never found further than 2·0 km from surface water and are usually associated with a territorial male. Unlike other equids, the foals of which always follow their mares, when female Grevy's zebra go to drink, they leave their foals in “kindergartens”, which are guarded by a single adult animal, usually a territorial male. It is proposed that many of these differences in behaviour and rates of juvenile development are the result of adaptation to an arid environment. Water requirements during early lactation appear to influence strongly the social behaviour of the Grevy's zebra and should also be a strong influence on the mother-infant behaviour of other arid-living ungulates.  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved (down) yes  
  Call Number Serial 927  
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Author Boyd, L.; Houpt, K..A. url  isbn
openurl 
  Title Przewalski's Horse. The History and Biology of an Endangered Species Type Book Whole
  Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal SUNY Press  
  Volume Issue Pages 313  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher SUNY Press Place of Publication Editor  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN 9780791418895 Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved (down) yes  
  Call Number Serial 971  
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Author Chaudhuri, M.; Ginsberg, J.R. doi  openurl
  Title Urinary androgen concentrations and social status in two species of free ranging zebra (Equus burchelli and E. grevyi). Type Journal Article
  Year 1990 Publication Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Abbreviated Journal J Reprod Fert  
  Volume 88 Issue Pages 127-133  
  Keywords zebra; testosterone; androgens; territoriality; social behaviour; dominance  
  Abstract In both species of zebra, breeding males had higher urinary androgen concentrations (ng androgens/mg Cr) than did non-breeding bachelor males (30.0 +/- 5.0 (N = 9) versus 11.4 +/- 2.8, (N = 7) in the plains zebra; 19.0 +/- 2.2 (N = 17) versus 10.7 +/- 1.2 (N = 14) in the Grevy's zebra). In the more stable family structure of the plains zebra (single male non-territorial groups) variations in androgen concentrations could not be ascribed to any measured variable. In the Grevy's zebra, androgen values were significantly lower in samples taken from territorial (breeding) males which had temporarily abandoned their territories (N = 4) and the urinary androgen concentration for a male on his territory was negatively correlated with the time since females last visited the territory.  
  Address  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved (down) yes  
  Call Number Serial 987  
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Author Duncan P, isbn  openurl
  Title Zebras, asses, and horses Type Book Whole
  Year 1992 Publication Kelvyn Press USA Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Provides summaries of the conservation status, biology, and ecology of wild zebras, asses, and horses. The Action Plan presents chapters on taxonomy, genetics, reproductive biology, population dynamics, management, disease and epidemiology, and the importance of developing an assessment methodology that considers the role of equids in ecosystems.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Kelvyn Press Place of Publication Broadview, Illinois Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN 978-2831700564 Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List JA - Approved (down) yes  
  Call Number Serial 1032  
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Author Duncan, P.; Foose, T. J.; Gordon, I. J.; Gakahu,C. G.; Lloyd, M. doi  openurl
  Title Comparative nutrient extraction from forages by grazing bovids and equids: a test of the nutritional model of equid/bovid competition and coexistence Type Journal Article
  Year 1990 Publication Oecologia Abbreviated Journal Oecologia  
  Volume 84 Issue 3 Pages 411-418  
  Keywords Ruminant – Hind-gut fermenter – Intake – Digestion – Competition  
  Abstract Ruminants are unevenly distributed across the range of body sizes observed in herbivorous mammals; among extant East African species they predominate, in numbers and species richness, in the medium body sizes (10-600 kg). The small and the large species are all hind-gut fermenters. Some medium-sized hind-gut fermenters, equid perissodactyls, coexist with the grazing ruminants, principally bovid artiodactyls, in grassland ecosystems. These patterns have been explained by two complementary models based on differences between the digestive physiology of ruminants and hind-gut fermenters. The Demment and Van Soest (1985) model accounts for the absence of ruminants among the small and large species, while the Bell/Janis/Foose model accounts both for the predominance of ruminants, and their co-existence with equids among the medium-sized species (Bell 1971; Janis 1976; Foose 1982). The latter model assumes that the rumen is competitively superior to the hind-gut system on medium quality forages, and that hind-gut fermenters persist because of their ability to eat more, and thus to extract more nutrients per day from high fibre, low quality forages. Data presented here demonstrate that compared to similarly sized grazing ruminants (bovids), hind-gut fermenters (equids) have higher rates of food intake which more than compensate for their lesser ability to digest plant material. As a consequence equids extract more nutrients per day than bovids not only from low quality foods, but from the whole range of forages eaten by animals of this size. Neither of the current nutritional models, nor refinements of them satisfactorily explain the preponderance of the bovids among medium-sized ungulates; alternative hypotheses are presented.  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved (down) yes  
  Call Number Serial 1035  
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Author Elzenga, J. W, url  openurl
  Title Why zebras are striped Type Journal Article
  Year 1992 Publication Swara Abbreviated Journal Swara  
  Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages 28-30  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved (down) yes  
  Call Number Serial 1068  
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Author Feh, C, doi  openurl
  Title Long-term paternity data in relation to different aspects of rank for Camargue stallions, Equus caballus Type Journal Article
  Year 1990 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 40 Issue 5 Pages 995-996  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved (down) yes  
  Call Number Serial 1081  
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Author Franke Stevens E, doi  openurl
  Title Contents between bands of feral horses for access to fresh water: the resident wins Type Journal Article
  Year 1988 Publication Abbreviated Journal Anim Beh  
  Volume 36 Issue 6 Pages 1851-1853  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved (down) yes  
  Call Number Serial 1091  
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