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Siegel, J.M. |
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Title |
Do all animals sleep? |
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Year |
2008 |
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Trends in Neurosciences |
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31 |
Issue |
4 |
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208-213 |
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Abstract |
Some animals never exhibit a state that meets the behavioral definition of sleep. Others suspend or greatly reduce ‘sleep’ behavior for many weeks during the postpartum period or during seasonal migrations without any consequent ‘sleep debt.’ Rats die from one form of sleep deprivation, but sleep loss has not been shown to cause death in well-controlled studies in other vertebrate species. Some marine mammal species do not show evidence for REM sleep, and convincing evidence for this state in reptiles, fish and insects is lacking. The enormous variation in the nature of rest and sleep states across the animal kingdom and within the mammalian class has important implications for understanding the evolution and functions of sleep. |
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0166-2236 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5613 |
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Author |
Wilson, D.A.; Stevenson, R.J. |
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Title |
The fundamental role of memory in olfactory perception |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Trends in Neurosciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends. Neurosci. |
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26 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
243-247 |
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Keywords |
olfactory perception mammals |
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Abstract |
Current emphasis on odorant physiochemical features as the basis for perception largely ignores the synthetic and experience-dependent nature of olfaction. Olfaction is synthetic, as mammals have only limited ability to identify elements within even simple odor mixtures. Furthermore, olfaction is experience-bound, as exposure alone can significantly affect the extent to which stimuli can be discriminated. We propose that early analytical processing of odors is inaccessible at the behavioral level and that all odors are initially encoded as `objects' in the piriform cortex. Moreover, we suggest that odor perception is wholly dependent on the integrity of this memory system and that its loss severely impairs normal perception. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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795 |
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