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Author |
Whiten, A.; Byrne, R.W. |
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Title |
Tactical deception in primates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Brain Sci. |
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11 |
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02 |
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233-244 |
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ABSTRACT Tactical deception occurs when an individual is able to use an “honest” act from his normal repertoire in a different context to mislead familiar individuals. Although primates have a reputation for social skill, most primate groups are so intimate that any deception is likely to be subtle and infrequent. Published records are sparse and often anecdotal. We have solicited new records from many primatologists and searched for repeating patterns. This has revealed several different forms of deceptive tactic, which we classify in terms of the function they perform. For each class, we sketch the features of another individual's state of mind that an individual acting with deceptive intent must be able to represent, thus acting as a “natural psychologist.” Our analysis will sharpen attention to apparent taxonomic differences. Before these findings can be generalized, however, behavioral scientists must agree on some fundamental methodological and theoretical questions in the study of the evolution of social cognition. |
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Cambridge Journals Online |
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1469-1825 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5937 |
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Author |
Schmidt, D. |
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Title |
Information Resources in Animal Behavior |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
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Science & Technology Libraries |
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12 |
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1 |
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69-83 |
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The study of animal behavior has been around for many years, but it is divided into several fields which often do not communicate well. These fields of study include (but are not limited to) comparative psychology, ethology, behavioral ecology, and sociobiology. Comparative psychology is more isolated than the other three fields, which share a common biological/evolutionary background. This paper gives a brief background of the four main fields of animal behavior research, along with a list of sources, both specialized and interdisciplinary. |
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Routledge |
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0194-262x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4725 |
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Author |
Wall, D.L.; Topliff, D.R.; Freeman, D.W.; Wagner, D.G.; Breazile, J.W.; Stutz, W.A. |
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Title |
Effect of dietary cation-anion balance on urinary mineral excretion in exercised horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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12 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
168-171 |
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Summary Four mares and four geldings of Quarter Horse and Thoroughbred breeding were used in two simultaneous 4x4 Latin square experiments to study the effects of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB), defined as meq ((Na+K)-C1)/kg dry matter, on urinary pH and mineral excretion in exercised horses. Diets consisted of a pelleted concentrate of corn, soybean meal and cottonseed hulls fed with bermudagrass hay. Treatments with DCAB of +5 (Low, L), +107 (Medium Low, ML), +201 (Medium High, MH) and +327 (High, H), meq ((Na+K)-Cl)/kg dry matter were formed by supplementing diet L with calcium chloride and ammonium chloride, diet ML with calcium chloride and diet H with sodium bicarbonate and potassium citrate (Table 1). Diet MH was not supplemented and served as the control treatment. Horses were conditioned aerobically for 6 weeks using long, slow, distance (LSD) workouts. During the experimental periods, horses were subjected to a combined exercise regimen alternating LSD with an interval-training protocol 6 days/week. There was a significant (P<.01) treatment effect on urine pH; least squares means for L, ML, MH and H were 6.73, 7.17, 7.38, and 7.92. Horses consuming diet L excreted more calcium in the urine (P<.05) than those consuming MH or H. Least squares means for daily urine calcium excretion tended to be linear across treatments and ranged from 19.66 g/day for diet L to 9.12 g/day for diet H. Urinary chloride excretion was higher (P<.05) for L than for MH or H. Horses fed diet H excreted more sodium (P<.05) in urine than horses fed the other diets. Lowering DCAB, increases urinary calcium loss; depending on the level of calcium intake, this could lead to negative calcium balance in exercising horses. |
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0737-0806 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4833 |
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Author |
Stutz, W.A.; Topliff, D.R.; Freeman, D.W.; Tucker, W.B.; Breazile, J.W.; Wall, D.L. |
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Title |
Effects of dietary cation-anion balance on blood parameters in exercising horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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12 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
164-167 |
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Summary Four geldings and four mares of primarily Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse breeding were used in simultaneous 4x4 Latin square experiments to test the effects of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB), defined as meq ((Na+K)-C1)/kg diet dry matter, on blood pH, blood gases, acid-base status and plasma glucose in horses at rest and following anaerobic exercise. Four diets, consisting of a base concentrate of corn, soybean meal and cottonseed hulls fed in a 60:40 ratio with Bermudagrass hay, were formulated to provide a DCAB of 5 (L=Low), 107 (ML=Medium Low), 201 (MH=Medium High) and 327 (H=High) meq ((Na+K)-C1)/kg diet dry matter. Calcium chloride and ammonium chloride were added to treatment L and ML and sodium bicarbonate and potassium citrate were added to treatment H to achieve the desired cation-anion balance. Treatment MH was not supplemented and served as the control treatment. Prior to the experiment, horses performed six weeks of long, slow, distance (LSD) work. During the experimental periods, horses were subjected to an exercise regimen alternating LSD with an interval training protocol 6 days/week. Venous blood pH, pCO2 and bicarbonate levels were significantly lower in horses at rest consuming diet L versus diets MH and H. Blood pH and acid-base parameters decreased with decreasing DCAB. There were no significant differences in blood pH or acid-base parameters between treatments, after anaerobic exercise. Plasma glucose concentrations for treatment L were significantly lower than treatment H at 10, 20, and 30 minutes post-exercise. These data suggest that DCAB has significant effect on acid-base status and indicate that horses consuming diets with low DCAB may experience a metabolic acidosis. |
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0737-0806 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4834 |
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Author |
Covalesky, M.E.; Russoniello, C.R.; Malinowski, K. |
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Title |
Effects of show-jumping performance stress on plasma cortisol and lactate concentrations and heart rate and behavior in horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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12 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
244-251 |
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Summary Effects of show jumping competition on stress levels in horses was examined. Twenty-six homes were sampled in both show and farm environments from three levels of show experience schooling, (least experience, n=11); intermediate, (moderate experience, n=6); open, (most experience, n=9). Blood samples were taken at 6 time points; 3 at the horse show and 3 at the home farm (baseline at rest, pre-schooling and post-performance over a jump course). Stress responses were assessed through comparison of the behavioral response of the horses (determined by a subjective scoring system) to plasma cortisol (F) concentrations. Physical exertion was evaluated by heart rate (HR) and plasma lactate (L) concentrations. Schooling jumpers displayed higher baseline F concentrations than open jumpers (83g±9.2 vs 46.4±10.2 ng/ml, respectively; p<.05); but not when compared to intermediate jumpers (66.2 ± 13.7 ng/ml; p>.05) at the horse show. At the farm, there were no differences in F concentrations between experience levels at a time point (p<.05). Least experienced horses displayed higher F values at rest at the show compared to the home farm. At the show, open jumpers had higher L concentrations post-exercise compared to intermediate horses (40.3±3.4 vs 25.5±4.0 mg/dL, respectively; p<.05); but were not different compared to schooling jumpers (34.8±2.0 mg/dL; p>.05). There were no differences in heart rates or behavior score between experience levels at specific time points at either the show or farm (p>.05). Low positive correlations were found between HR and F (r=.24, p<.05); HR and L (r-.48, p<.05); and HR and behavior (r=.22, p<.05). Results suggest that conditioned jumpers that have previously been exposed to horse show environments do not appear stressed during acute show-jumping competition. |
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0737-0806 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5622 |
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Author |
Sato, S. |
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Title |
Social licking pattern and its relationships to social dominance and live weight gain in weaned calves |
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Journal Article |
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1984 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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12 |
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1 |
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25-32 |
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Social licking patterns of heifer and steer herds were observed and recorded during periods of resting and intermittent feeding. The results revealed the following features: (1) heifers and steers had 15.0 and 15.2 social licking interactions per hour which lasted for 37.8 and 41.0 s on average, respectively. The average time an animal spent licking was about 25 s per hour; (2) all the animals in the herds were licked by others, but only 72.3% of the animals licked other animals; (3) the animals close in the social hierarchy tended to lick each other for a longer time than did remote animals; (4) the time receiving l licking and weight gain tended to be positively correlated. The observations suggest that (1) the motivation of giving licking may be individual-specific and may be influenced by genetic factors, while that of receiving licking appears to be general, and that (2) social licking may mean not only cleaning the skin and hair of a passive partner, but also leading it to psychological stability. |
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Elsevier |
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0168-1591 |
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doi: 10.1016/0168-1591(84)90093-5 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6407 |
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Author |
Warneken, F.; Tomasello, M. |
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Varieties of altruism in children and chimpanzees |
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2009 |
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Trends in cognitive sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends Cogn Sci |
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13 |
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9 |
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397-402 |
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Recent empirical research has shed new light on the perennial question of human altruism. A number of recent studies suggest that from very early in ontogeny young children have a biological predisposition to help others achieve their goals, to share resources with others and to inform others of things helpfully. Humans nearest primate relatives, such as chimpanzees, engage in some but not all of these behaviors: they help others instrumentally, but they are not so inclined to share resources altruistically and they do not inform others of things helpfully. The evolutionary roots of human altruism thus appear to be much more complex than previously supposed. |
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Elsevier Science, |
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1364-6613 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ S1364-6613(09)00149-1 DOI - 10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.008 |
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5608 |
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J. David Smith; David A. Washburn |
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Title |
Uncertainty Monitoring and Metacognition by Animals |
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2005 |
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Current Directions in Psychological Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. |
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14 |
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19-24 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3511 |
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Winter horse care |
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1994 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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14 |
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2 |
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115-117 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4664 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.M.; Ferrari, P.F. |
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Towards a bottom-up perspective on animal and human cognition |
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2010 |
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Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
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Trends Cognit. Sci. |
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14 |
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5 |
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201-207 |
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Over the last few decades, comparative cognitive research has focused on the pinnacles of mental evolution, asking all-or-nothing questions such as which animals (if any) possess a theory of mind, culture, linguistic abilities, future planning, and so on. Research programs adopting this top-down perspective have often pitted one taxon against another, resulting in sharp dividing lines. Insight into the underlying mechanisms has lagged behind. A dramatic change in focus now seems to be under way, however, with increased appreciation that the basic building blocks of cognition might be shared across a wide range of species. We argue that this bottom-up perspective, which focuses on the constituent capacities underlying larger cognitive phenomena, is more in line with both neuroscience and evolutionary biology. |
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1364-6613 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5857 |
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