| Records |
| Author |
Schmidt, M.; Lipson, H. |
| Title |
Distilling Free-Form Natural Laws from Experimental Data |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
Volume  |
324 |
Issue |
5923 |
Pages |
81-85 |
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| Abstract |
For centuries, scientists have attempted to identify and document analytical laws that underlie physical phenomena in nature. Despite the prevalence of computing power, the process of finding natural laws and their corresponding equations has resisted automation. A key challenge to finding analytic relations automatically is defining algorithmically what makes a correlation in observed data important and insightful. We propose a principle for the identification of nontriviality. We demonstrated this approach by automatically searching motion-tracking data captured from various physical systems, ranging from simple harmonic oscillators to chaotic double-pendula. Without any prior knowledge about physics, kinematics, or geometry, the algorithm discovered Hamiltonians, Lagrangians, and other laws of geometric and momentum conservation. The discovery rate accelerated as laws found for simpler systems were used to bootstrap explanations for more complex systems, gradually uncovering the “alphabet” used to describe those systems. |
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10.1126/science.1165893 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5264 |
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| Author |
Rowe, M.L.; Goldin-Meadow, S. |
| Title |
Differences in Early Gesture Explain SES Disparities in Child Vocabulary Size at School Entry |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
323 |
Issue |
5916 |
Pages |
951-953 |
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| Abstract |
Children from low-socioeconomic status (SES) families, on average, arrive at school with smaller vocabularies than children from high-SES families. In an effort to identify precursors to, and possible remedies for, this inequality, we videotaped 50 children from families with a range of different SES interacting with parents at 14 months and assessed their vocabulary skills at 54 months. We found that children from high-SES families frequently used gesture to communicate at 14 months, a relation that was explained by parent gesture use (with speech controlled). In turn, the fact that children from high-SES families have large vocabularies at 54 months was explained by children's gesture use at 14 months. Thus, differences in early gesture help to explain the disparities in vocabulary that children bring with them to school. |
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10.1126/science.1167025 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4728 |
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| Author |
Outram, A.K.; Stear, N.A.; Bendrey, R.; Olsen, S.; Kasparov, A.; Zaibert, V.; Thorpe, N.; Evershed, R.P. |
| Title |
The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
323 |
Issue |
5919 |
Pages |
1332-1335 |
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Horse domestication revolutionized transport, communications, and warfare in prehistory, yet the identification of early domestication processes has been problematic. Here, we present three independent lines of evidence demonstrating domestication in the Eneolithic Botai Culture of Kazakhstan, dating to about 3500 B.C.E. Metrical analysis of horse metacarpals shows that Botai horses resemble Bronze Age domestic horses rather than Paleolithic wild horses from the same region. Pathological characteristics indicate that some Botai horses were bridled, perhaps ridden. Organic residue analysis, using δ13C and δD values of fatty acids, reveals processing of mare's milk and carcass products in ceramics, indicating a developed domestic economy encompassing secondary products. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6620 |
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| Author |
Li, W.; Howard, J.D.; Parrish, T.B.; Gottfried, J.A. |
| Title |
Aversive Learning Enhances Perceptual and Cortical Discrimination of Indiscriminable Odor Cues |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
319 |
Issue |
5871 |
Pages |
1842-1845 |
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Learning to associate sensory cues with threats is critical for minimizing aversive experience. The ecological benefit of associative learning relies on accurate perception of predictive cues, but how aversive learning enhances perceptual acuity of sensory signals, particularly in humans, is unclear. We combined multivariate functional magnetic resonance imaging with olfactory psychophysics to show that initially indistinguishable odor enantiomers (mirror-image molecules) become discriminable after aversive conditioning, paralleling the spatial divergence of ensemble activity patterns in primary olfactory (piriform) cortex. Our findings indicate that aversive learning induces piriform plasticity with corresponding gains in odor enantiomer discrimination, underscoring the capacity of fear conditioning to update perceptual representation of predictive cues, over and above its well-recognized role in the acquisition of conditioned responses. That completely indiscriminable sensations can be transformed into discriminable percepts further accentuates the potency of associative learning to enhance sensory cue perception and support adaptive behavior. |
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10.1126/science.1152837 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4408 |
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Li, W.; Howard, J.D.; Parrish, T.B.; Gottfried, J.A. |
| Title |
Supporting Online Material to: Aversive Learning Enhances Perceptual and Cortical Discrimination of Indiscriminable Odor Cues |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
319 |
Issue |
5871 |
Pages |
1842-1845 |
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| Abstract |
Learning to associate sensory cues with threats is critical for minimizing aversive experience. The ecological benefit of associative learning relies on accurate perception of predictive cues, but how aversive learning enhances perceptual acuity of sensory signals, particularly in humans, is unclear. We combined multivariate functional magnetic resonance imaging with olfactory psychophysics to show that initially indistinguishable odor enantiomers (mirror-image molecules) become discriminable after aversive conditioning, paralleling the spatial divergence of ensemble activity patterns in primary olfactory (piriform) cortex. Our findings indicate that aversive learning induces piriform plasticity with corresponding gains in odor enantiomer discrimination, underscoring the capacity of fear conditioning to update perceptual representation of predictive cues, over and above its well-recognized role in the acquisition of conditioned responses. That completely indiscriminable sensations can be transformed into discriminable percepts further accentuates the potency of associative learning to enhance sensory cue perception and support adaptive behavior. |
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10.1126/science.1152837 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4409 |
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| Author |
Silk, J.B. |
| Title |
Social Components of Fitness in Primate Groups |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
317 |
Issue |
5843 |
Pages |
1347-1351 |
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There is much interest in the evolutionary forces that favored the evolution of large brains in the primate order. The social brain hypothesis posits that selection has favored larger brains and more complex cognitive capacities as a means to cope with the challenges of social life. The hypothesis is supported by evidence that shows that group size is linked to various measures of brain size. But it has not been clear how cognitive complexity confers fitness advantages on individuals. Research in the field and laboratory shows that sophisticated social cognition underlies social behavior in primate groups. Moreover, a growing body of evidence suggests that the quality of social relationships has measurable fitness consequences for individuals. |
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10.1126/science.1140734 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4239 |
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| Author |
Pennisi, E. |
| Title |
PSYCHOLOGY: Nonhuman Primates Demonstrate Humanlike Reasoning |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
317 |
Issue |
5843 |
Pages |
1308- |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4240 |
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| Author |
Wood, J.N.; Glynn, D.D.; Phillips, B.C.; Hauser, M.D. |
| Title |
The Perception of Rational, Goal-Directed Action in Nonhuman Primates |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
317 |
Issue |
5843 |
Pages |
1402-1405 |
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Humans are capable of making inferences about other individuals' intentions and goals by evaluating their actions in relation to the constraints imposed by the environment. This capacity enables humans to go beyond the surface appearance of behavior to draw inferences about an individual's mental states. Presently unclear is whether this capacity is uniquely human or is shared with other animals. We show that cotton-top tamarins, rhesus macaques, and chimpanzees all make spontaneous inferences about a human experimenter's goal by attending to the environmental constraints that guide rational action. These findings rule out simple associative accounts of action perception and show that our capacity to infer rational, goal-directed action likely arose at least as far back as the New World monkeys, some 40 million years ago. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4241 |
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Wood, J.N.; Glynn, D.D.; Phillips, B.C.; Hauser, M.D. |
| Title |
online material |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
317 |
Issue |
5843 |
Pages |
1402-1405 |
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Humans are capable of making inferences about other individuals' intentions and goals by evaluating their actions in relation to the constraints imposed by the environment. This capacity enables humans to go beyond the surface appearance of behavior to draw inferences about an individual's mental states. Presently unclear is whether this capacity is uniquely human or is shared with other animals. We show that cotton-top tamarins, rhesus macaques, and chimpanzees all make spontaneous inferences about a human experimenter's goal by attending to the environmental constraints that guide rational action. These findings rule out simple associative accounts of action perception and show that our capacity to infer rational, goal-directed action likely arose at least as far back as the New World monkeys, some 40 million years ago. |
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10.1126/science.1144663 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4242 |
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Dunbar, R.I.M.; Shultz, S. |
| Title |
Evolution in the Social Brain |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
317 |
Issue |
5843 |
Pages |
1344-1347 |
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The evolution of unusually large brains in some groups of animals, notably primates, has long been a puzzle. Although early explanations tended to emphasize the brain's role in sensory or technical competence (foraging skills, innovations, and way-finding), the balance of evidence now clearly favors the suggestion that it was the computational demands of living in large, complex societies that selected for large brains. However, recent analyses suggest that it may have been the particular demands of the more intense forms of pairbonding that was the critical factor that triggered this evolutionary development. This may explain why primate sociality seems to be so different from that found in most other birds and mammals: Primate sociality is based on bonded relationships of a kind that are found only in pairbonds in other taxa. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4243 |
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