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	Author	Call, J.
	Title	Beyond learning fixed rules and social cues: abstraction in the social arena			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Phil. Trans. Biol. Sci.
	Volume	358	Issue	1435	Pages	1189-1196
	Keywords
	Abstract	Abstraction is a central idea in many areas of physical comparative cognition such as categorization, numerical competence or problem solving. This idea, however, has rarely been applied to comparative social cognition. In this paper, I propose that the notion of abstraction can be applied to the social arena and become an important tool to investigate the social cognition and behaviour processes in animals. To make this point, I present recent evidence showing that chimpanzees know about what others can see and about what others intend. These data do not fit either low-level mechanisms based on stimulus-response associations or high-level explanations based on metarepresentational mechanisms such as false belief attribution. Instead, I argue that social abstraction, in particular the development of concepts such as seeing in others, is key to explaining the behaviour of our closest relative in a variety of situations.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3524
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	Author	Terrace, H.S.
	Title	Animal Cognition: Thinking without Language			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences (1934-1990)	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	308	Issue	1135	Pages	113-128
	Keywords
	Abstract	Recent attempts to teach apes rudimentary grammatical skills have produced negative results. The basic obstacle appears to be at the level of the individual symbol which, for apes, functions only as a demand. Evidence is lacking that apes can use symbols as names, that is, as a means of simply transmitting information. Even though non-human animals lack linguistic competence, much evidence has recently accumulated that a variety of animals can represent particular features of their environment. What then is the non-verbal nature of animal representations? This question will be discussed with reference to the following findings of studies of serial learning by pigeons. While learning to produce a particular sequence of four elements (colours), pigeons also acquire knowledge about the relation between non-adjacent elements and about the ordinal position of a particular element. Learning to produce a particular sequence also facilitates the discrimination of that sequence from other sequences.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3522
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	Author	Bonnie, K.E.; Horner, V.; Whiten, A.; de Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	Spread of arbitrary conventions among chimpanzees: a controlled experiment			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	274	Issue	1608	Pages	367-372
	Keywords
	Abstract	Wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have a rich cultural repertoire--traditions common in some communities are not present in others. The majority of reports describe functional, material traditions, such as tool use. Arbitrary conventions have received far less attention. In the same way that observations of material culture in wild apes led to experiments to confirm social transmission and identify underlying learning mechanisms, experiments investigating how arbitrary habits or conventions arise and spread within a group are also required. The few relevant experimental studies reported thus far have relied on cross-species (i.e. human-ape) interaction offering limited ecological validity, and no study has successfully generated a tradition not involving tool use in an established group. We seeded one of two rewarded alternative endpoints to a complex sequence of behaviour in each of two chimpanzee groups. Each sequence spread in the group in which it was seeded, with many individuals unambiguously adopting the sequence demonstrated by a group member. In one group, the alternative sequence was discovered by a low ranking female, but was not learned by others. Since the action-sequences lacked meaning before the experiment and had no logical connection with reward, chimpanzees must have extracted both the form and benefits of these sequences through observation of others.
	Address	Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. kebonni@emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17164200			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	157
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	Author	Gerber, B.; Hendel, T.
	Title	Outcome expectations drive learned behaviour in larval Drosophila			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.
	Volume	273	Issue	1604	Pages	2965-2968
	Keywords
	Abstract	Why does Pavlov's dog salivate? In response to the tone, or in expectation of food? While in vertebrates behaviour can be driven by expected outcomes, it is unknown whether this is true for non-vertebrates as well. We find that, in the Drosophila larva, odour memories are expressed behaviourally only if animals can expect a positive outcome from doing so. The expected outcome of tracking down an odour is determined by comparing the value of the current situation with the value of the memory for that odour. Memory is expressed behaviourally only if the expected outcome is positive. This uncovers a hitherto unrecognized evaluative processing step between an activated memory trace and behaviour control, and argues that learned behaviour reflects the pursuit of its expected outcome. Shown in a system with a simple brain, an apparently cognitive process like representing the expected outcome of behaviour seems to be a basic feature of behaviour control.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3525
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	Author	Barrett, L.; Henzi, P.
	Title	The social nature of primate cognition			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	272	Issue	1575	Pages	1865-1875
	Keywords	Animals; Brain/anatomy & histology/physiology; Cognition/physiology; Evolution; Intelligence/physiology; Primates/physiology; Social Behavior
	Abstract	The hypothesis that the enlarged brain size of the primates was selected for by social, rather than purely ecological, factors has been strongly influential in studies of primate cognition and behaviour over the past two decades. However, the Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis, also known as the social brain hypothesis, tends to emphasize certain traits and behaviours, like exploitation and deception, at the expense of others, such as tolerance and behavioural coordination, and therefore presents only one view of how social life may shape cognition. This review outlines work from other relevant disciplines, including evolutionary economics, cognitive science and neurophysiology, to illustrate how these can be used to build a more general theoretical framework, incorporating notions of embodied and distributed cognition, in which to situate questions concerning the evolution of primate social cognition.
	Address	School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK. louiseb@liv.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:16191591			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2086
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	Author	Zhou, W.-X.; Sornette, D.; Hill, R.A.; Dunbar, R.I.M.
	Title	Discrete hierarchical organization of social group sizes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	272	Issue	1561	Pages	439-444
	Keywords	Anthropology, Cultural; Group Structure; Humans; Models, Biological; Social Behavior; Social Environment
	Abstract	The 'social brain hypothesis' for the evolution of large brains in primates has led to evidence for the coevolution of neocortical size and social group sizes, suggesting that there is a cognitive constraint on group size that depends, in some way, on the volume of neural material available for processing and synthesizing information on social relationships. More recently, work on both human and non-human primates has suggested that social groups are often hierarchically structured. We combine data on human grouping patterns in a comprehensive and systematic study. Using fractal analysis, we identify, with high statistical confidence, a discrete hierarchy of group sizes with a preferred scaling ratio close to three: rather than a single or a continuous spectrum of group sizes, humans spontaneously form groups of preferred sizes organized in a geometrical series approximating 3-5, 9-15, 30-45, etc. Such discrete scale invariance could be related to that identified in signatures of herding behaviour in financial markets and might reflect a hierarchical processing of social nearness by human brains.
	Address	State Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:15734699			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	549
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	Author	Cameron, E.Z.
	Title	Facultative adjustment of mammalian sex ratios in support of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis: evidence for a mechanism			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	271	Issue	1549	Pages	1723-1728
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Body Constitution; Evolution; Female; Glucose/metabolism/physiology; Litter Size; Male; Mammals/physiology; Models, Biological; Reproduction/physiology; Seasons; Sex Factors; Sex Ratio; Time Factors
	Abstract	Evolutionary theory predicts that mothers of different condition should adjust the birth sex ratio of their offspring in relation to future reproductive benefits. Published studies addressing variation in mammalian sex ratios have produced surprisingly contradictory results. Explaining the source of such variation has been a challenge for sex-ratio theory, not least because no mechanism for sex-ratio adjustment is known. I conducted a meta-analysis of previous mammalian sex-ratio studies to determine if there are any overall patterns in sex-ratio variation. The contradictory nature of previous results was confirmed. However, studies that investigated indices of condition around conception show almost unanimous support for the prediction that mothers in good condition bias their litters towards sons. Recent research on the role of glucose in reproductive functioning have shown that excess glucose favours the development of male blastocysts, providing a potential mechanism for sex-ratio variation in relation to maternal condition around conception. Furthermore, many of the conflicting results from studies on sex-ratio adjustment would be explained if glucose levels in utero during early cell division contributed to the determination of offspring sex ratios.
	Address	Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa. ezcameron@zoology.up.ac.za
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:15306293			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	413
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	Author	Bugnyar, T.; Stöwe, M.; Heinrich, B.
	Title	*Ravens, Corvus corax, follow gaze direction of humans around obstacles*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.
	Volume	271	Issue	1546	Pages	1331-1336
	Keywords
	Abstract	The ability to follow gaze (i.e. head and eye direction) has recently been shown for social mammals, particularly primates. In most studies, individuals could use gaze direction as a behavioural cue without understanding that the view of others may be different from their own. Here, we show that hand–raised ravens not only visually co–orient with the look–ups of a human experimenter but also reposition themselves to follow the experimenter's gaze around a visual barrier. Birds were capable of visual co–orientation already as fledglings but consistently tracked gaze direction behind obstacles not before six months of age. These results raise the possibility that sub–adult and adult ravens can project a line of sight for the other person into the distance. To what extent ravens may attribute mental significance to the visual behaviour of others is discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes	10.1098/rspb.2004.2738			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5009
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	Author	Griffiths,S. W.; Brockmark, S.; Höjesjö,J.; Johnsson,J. I.
	Title	Coping with divided attention: the advantage of familiarity			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.
	Volume	271	Issue	1540	Pages	695-699
	Keywords
	Abstract	The ability of an animal to perform a task successfully is limited by the amount of attention being simultaneously focused on other activities. One way in which individuals might reduce the cost of divided attention is by preferentially focusing on the most beneficial tasks. In territorial animals where aggression is lower among familiar individuals, the decision to associate preferentially with familiar conspecifics may therefore confer advantages by allowing attention to be switched from aggression to predator vigilance and feeding. Wild juvenile brown trout were used to test the prediction that familiar fishes respond more quickly than unfamiliar fishes to a simulated predator attack. Our results confirm this prediction by demonstrating that familiar trout respond 14% faster than unfamiliar individuals to a predator attack. The results also show that familiar fishes consume a greater number of food items, foraging at more than twice the rate of unfamiliar conspecifics. To the best of our knowledge, these results provide the first evidence that familiarity–biased association confers advantages through the immediate fitness benefits afforded by faster predator–evasion responses and the long–term benefits provided by increased feeding opportunities.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1098/rspb.2003.2648			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5007
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	Author	Brilot, B.O.; Johnstone, R.A.
	Title	The limits to cost-free signalling of need between relatives			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	270	Issue	1519	Pages	1055-1060
	Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Birds/physiology; Models, Biological; Social Behavior
	Abstract	Theoretical models have demonstrated the possibility of stable cost-free signalling of need between relatives. The stability of these cost-free equilibria depends on the indirect fitness cost of cheating and deceiving a donor into giving away resources. We show that this stability is highly sensitive to the distribution of need among signallers and receivers. In particular, cost-free signalling is likely to prove stable only if there is very large variation in need (such that the least-needy individuals stand to gain much less than the most-needy individuals from additional resources). We discuss whether these conditions are likely to be found in altricial avian breeding systems--the most intensively studied instance of signalling of need between relatives. We suggest that cost-free signalling is more likely to prove stable and will provide parents with more information during the earlier phases of chick growth, when parents can more easily meet the demands of a brood (and chicks are more likely to reach satiation). Later, informative yet cost-free signalling is unlikely to persist.
	Address	Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. bob21@cam.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12803895			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	558
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