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Axelrod, R.; Hamilton, W.D. |
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Title |
The evolution of cooperation |
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1981 |
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Science |
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Science |
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211 |
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4489 |
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1390-1396 |
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Cooperation in organisms, whether bacteria or primates, has been a difficulty for evolutionary theory since Darwin. On the assumption that interactions between pairs of individuals occur on a probabilistic basis, a model is developed based on the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy in the context of the Prisoner's Dilemma game. Deductions from the model, and the results of a computer tournament show how cooperation based on reciprocity can get started in an asocial world, can thrive while interacting with a wide range of other strategies, and can resist invasion once fully established. Potential applications include specific aspects of territoriality, mating, and disease. |
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10.1126/science.7466396 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4933 |
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Author |
Pennisi, E. |
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Title |
PSYCHOLOGY: Nonhuman Primates Demonstrate Humanlike Reasoning |
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2007 |
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Science |
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Science |
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317 |
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5843 |
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1308- |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4240 |
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Clayton, N.S. |
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Title |
COGNITION: An Open Sandwich or an Open Question? |
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2004 |
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Science |
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Science |
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305 |
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5682 |
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344- |
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10.1126/science.1099512 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2955 |
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Pinker, S. |
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Title |
COGNITION:Enhanced: Out of the Minds of Babes |
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1999 |
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Science |
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Science |
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283 |
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5398 |
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40-41 |
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10.1126/science.283.5398.40 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2956 |
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Author |
Bücheler, T.; Sieg, J.H. |
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Title |
Understanding Science 2.0: Crowdsourcing and Open Innovation in the Scientific Method |
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Journal Article |
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2011 |
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Procedia Computer Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proceedings of the 2nd European Future Technologies Conference and Exhibition 2011 (FET 11) |
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7 |
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327-329 |
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Crowdsourcing; Open Innovation; Simulation; Agent-Based Modeling; Science 2.0; Citizen Science |
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The innovation process is currently undergoing significant change in many industries. The World Wide Web has created a virtual world of collective intelligence and helped large groups of people connect and collaborate in the innovation process [1]. Von Hippel [2], for instance, states that a large number of users of a given technology will come up with innovative ideas. This process, originating in business, is now also being observed in science. Discussions around “Citizen Science” [3] and “Science 2.0” [4] suggest the same effects are relevant for fundamental research practices. “Crowdsourcing” [5] and “Open Innovation” [6] as well as other names for those paradigms, like Peer Production, Wikinomics, Swarm Intelligence etc., have become buzzwords in recent years. However, serious academic research efforts have also been started in many disciplines. In essence, these buzzwords all describe a form of collective intelligence that is enabled by new technologies, particularly internet connectivity. The focus of most current research on this topic is in the for-profit domain, i.e. organizations willing (and able) to pay large sums to source innovation externally, for instance through innovation contests. Our research is testing the applicability of Crowdsourcing and some techniques from Open Innovation to the scientific method and basic science in a non-profit environment (e.g., a traditional research university). If the tools are found to be useful, this may significantly change how some research tasks are conducted: While large, apriori unknown crowds of “irrational agents” (i.e. humans) are used to support scientists (and teams thereof) in several research tasks through the internet, the usefulness and robustness of these interactions as well as scientifically important factors like quality and validity of research results are tested in a systematic manner. The research is highly interdisciplinary and is done in collaboration with scientists from sociology, psychology, management science, economics, computer science, and artificial intelligence. After a pre-study, extensive data collection has been conducted and the data is currently being analyzed. The paper presents ideas and hypotheses and opens the discussion for further input. |
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1877-0509 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6434 |
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Author |
Reddon, A.R.; Hurd, P.L. |
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Title |
Acting unilaterally: Why do animals with strongly lateralized brains behave differently than those with weakly lateralized brains? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
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Bioscience Hypotheses |
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2 |
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6 |
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383-387 |
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Cerebral lateralization; Individual variation; Personality; Habenula; Dorsal-diencephalic conduction system |
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Cerebral lateralization was once thought to be unique to humans, but is now known to be widespread among the vertebrates. Lateralization appears to confer cognitive advantages upon those that possess it. Despite the taxonomic ubiquity and described advantages of lateralization, substantial individual variation exists in all species. Individual variation in cerebral lateralization may be tied to individual variation in behaviour and the selective forces that act to maintain variation in behaviour may also act to maintain variation in lateralization. The mechanisms linking individual variation in the strength of cerebral lateralization to individual variation in behaviour remain obscure. We propose here a general hypothesis which may help to explain this link. We suggest that individuals with strong and weak lateralizations behave differently because of differences in the ability of one hemisphere to inhibit the functions of the other in each type of brain organization. We also suggest a specific mechanism involving the asymmetric epithalamic nucleus, the habenula. We conclude by discussing some predictions and potential tests of our hypothesis. |
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1756-2392 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5417 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.M.; Ferrari, P.F. |
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Title |
Towards a bottom-up perspective on animal and human cognition |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends Cognit. Sci. |
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14 |
Issue |
5 |
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201-207 |
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Over the last few decades, comparative cognitive research has focused on the pinnacles of mental evolution, asking all-or-nothing questions such as which animals (if any) possess a theory of mind, culture, linguistic abilities, future planning, and so on. Research programs adopting this top-down perspective have often pitted one taxon against another, resulting in sharp dividing lines. Insight into the underlying mechanisms has lagged behind. A dramatic change in focus now seems to be under way, however, with increased appreciation that the basic building blocks of cognition might be shared across a wide range of species. We argue that this bottom-up perspective, which focuses on the constituent capacities underlying larger cognitive phenomena, is more in line with both neuroscience and evolutionary biology. |
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1364-6613 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5857 |
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Author |
Parisi, D.R.; Soria, S.A.; Josens, R. |
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Title |
Faster-is-slower effect in escaping ants revisited: Ants do not behave like humans |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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Safety Science |
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72 |
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274-282 |
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Emergency; Evacuation; Egress; Ant egress; Crowd egress; Faster is slower; Pedestrian evacuation; Pedestrian dynamics |
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In this work we studied the trajectories, velocities and densities of ants when egressing under controlled levels of stress produced by a chemical repellent at different concentrations. We found that, unlike other animals escaping under life-and-death conditions and pedestrian simulations, ants do not produce a higher density zone near the exit door. Instead, ants are uniformly distributed over the available space allowing for efficient evacuations. Consequently, the faster-is-slower effect observed in ants (Soria et al., 2012) is clearly of a different nature to that predicted by de social force model. In the case of ants, the minimum evacuation time is correlated with the lower probability of taking backward steps. Thus, as biological model ants have important differences that make their use inadvisable for the design of human facilities. |
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0925-7535 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6161 |
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Kirkpatrick, J.F.; Turner, J.W. Jr |
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Comparative reproductive biology of North American feral horses |
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1986 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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J. Equine Vet. Sci. |
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6 |
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224-230 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2326 |
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Sackman, J.E.; Houpt, K.A. |
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Title |
Equine Personality: Association with Breed, Use and Husbandry Factors |
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Journal Article |
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2018 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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Horse; Personality; Behavior; Breed; Use; Survey |
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Abstract
Temperament can be defined as innate properties of the nervous system whereas personality includes the complex behavioral traits acquired through life. Association between personality and behavior is important for breeding, selection, and training of horses. For the first time, we evaluated if equine personality components previously identified in Japan and Europe were consistent when applied to American horses. We examined the association of personality with breed, age, sex, management, training, stereotypies and misbehaviors.
Materials and Methods
The owner directed personality survey consisted of 25 questions. An online version of the survey was created. The principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to associate behavioral traits with personality components. Factor analysis with orthogonal transformation was performed on scores for personality related questions.
Results
847 survey responses were used. Quarter horses, “other” breed and Thoroughbred were the most common breeds. Three principal personality components were extracted as each behavioral trait belonged to one of these three components. Arabians, Thoroughbreds, Saddlebreds and Walking horses were the most nervous and Quarter horses, Paints, Appaloosas and Drafts were the least nervous. No trained discipline was significantly associated with any personality component. There were no significant associations between stereotypies and misbehaviors and nervous or curious personality.
Conclusions
For the first time in predominantly American horses, we have evaluated personality components and their association with breed, age, sex, training discipline and stereotypies. We refute links between personality and trained discipline and confirm the lack of association between nervous personality and stereotypies and misbehaviors. |
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0737-0806 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6426 |
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