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Author |
Alexander, F.; Benzie, D. |
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Title |
A radiological study of the digestive tract of the foal |
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1951 |
Publication |
Quarterly journal of experimental physiology and cognate medical sciences |
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Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci |
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36 |
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4 |
Pages |
213-217 |
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Gastrointestinal Tract/*radiography; *Horses; *GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM/radiography; *Horses; *MYOCARDITIS/etiology and pathogenesis |
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0033-5541 |
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PMID:14892238 |
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129 |
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Kirkpatrick, J.F.; Turner, A. |
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Title |
Absence of effects from immunocontraception on seasonal birth patterns and foal survival among barrier island wild horses |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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Journal of applied animal welfare science : JAAWS |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Appl Anim Welf Sci |
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6 |
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4 |
Pages |
301-308 |
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Animals; Animals, Newborn; Animals, Wild/*physiology; Birth Rate; Case-Control Studies; Contraception, Immunologic/methods/*veterinary; Egg Proteins/administration & dosage; Female; Horses/*physiology; Maryland/epidemiology; Membrane Glycoproteins/administration & dosage; Population Control; Pregnancy; *Receptors, Cell Surface; *Reproduction; Seasons; Vaccines, Contraceptive/administration & dosage |
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Despite a large body of safety data, concern exists that porcine zonae pellucidae (PZP) immunocontraception--used to manage wild horse populations--may cause out-of-season births with resulting foal mortality. Our study at Assateague, Maryland indicated the effects of immunocontraception on season of birth and foal survival between 1990 and 2002 on wild horses from Assateague Island. Among 91 mares never treated, 69 (75.8%) of foals were born in April, May, and June (in season). Among 77 treated mares, 50 (64.9%) were born in season. Of 29 mares foaling within 1 year after treatment (contraceptive failures), 20 (68.9%) were born in season. Of 48 mares treated for greater than 2 years then withdrawn from treatment, 30 (62.5%) of 48 foals were born in season. There were no significant differences (p <.05) between either treatment group or untreated mares. Survival did not differ significantly among foals born in or out of season or among foals born to treated or untreated mares. Data indicate a lack of effect of PZP contraception on season of birth or foal survival on barrier island habitats. |
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Science and Conservation Center Zoo Montana, Billings, Montana 59106, USA. jkirkpatrick@montana.net |
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1088-8705 |
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PMID:14965784 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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140 |
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Judge, P.G.; de Waal, F.B.; Paul, K.S.; Gordon, T.P. |
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Removal of a trauma-inflicting alpha matriline from a group of rhesus macaques to control severe wounding |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Laboratory animal science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Lab Anim Sci |
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44 |
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4 |
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344-350 |
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*Aggression; Animals; Female; *Macaca mulatta; Male; *Monkey Diseases; *Social Dominance; Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology/prevention & control/*veterinary |
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Wounding in an 83-member group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) housed at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center Field Station became excessive to the point that intervention was deemed necessary. When observations indicated that three females from the group's alpha matriline were principally responsible for the wounding, the matriline (N = 7) was removed from the group. This study was conducted to document an atypical pattern of wounding in this group and to evaluate the effectiveness of removal as a procedure for controlling injuries. The aggression rates of 21 adult subjects and the wounds of all group members were recorded before and after the removal procedure and compared with those in a similar-sized group. Removing the alpha matriline did not alter aggression rates in the group or the rank order among the remaining matrilines. Aggression rates in the experimental group were also not significantly different from those in the comparison group before or after the removal. With the alpha matriline present, wounding levels in the group were significantly higher than those in the comparison group. After removal of the matriline, the frequency of wounds decreased significantly to levels similar to those of the comparison group. The pattern of excess wounding attributed to the extracted alpha females was idiosyncratic, involving removal of large patches of skin from the hindquarters of adult females or removal of the distal portion of the fingers, toes, or tail from juveniles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
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Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329 |
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0023-6764 |
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PMID:7983846 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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207 |
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Sondergaard, E.; Halekoh, U. |
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Young horses' reactions to humans in relation to handling and social environment |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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84 |
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4 |
Pages |
265-280 |
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Horses; Human-animal relationship; Social environment; Handling |
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Forty Danish warmblood colts in two replicates were used to investigate the effect of housing and handling in the rearing period on the reactions to humans. The horses entered the experiment after weaning and were housed either individually (n=16) or in groups of three (n=24). Half of the horses from each housing group were handled three times per week for a period of 10 min. Approach tests were performed in the home environment when the horses were 6, 9, 12, 18, 21, and 24 months old, and an Arena and Human Encounter test was performed in a novel environment when the horses were 12 and 24 months old, respectively. In the home environment, single-housed horses approached sooner and were more easily approached by a human than group-housed horses where no effect of handling was observed. Horses approached sooner and were more easily approached with increasing age. In the Arena and Human Encounter test, single-housed horses expressed less restless behaviour, more explorative behaviour, and less vocalisation than group-housed horses. Handled horses showed lower increase in heart rate during the test than non-handled horses. There was no difference between the number of times single or group-housed horses touched an unfamiliar person in the Arena and Human Encounter test but handled horses approached sooner than non-handled horses. It is concluded that the social environment affected the way horses reacted to humans when tested in the home environment but not in a novel environment. In contrast, handling affected the reactions to humans when tested in the novel environment but not in the home environment. However, handled horses also reacted less to the novel environment in general, thus indicating that handling is a mean of avoiding potential dangerous situations. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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308 |
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Visser, E.K.; van Reenen, C.G.; Hopster, H.; Schilder, M.B.H.; Knaap, J.H.; Barneveld, A.; Blokhuis, H.J. |
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Title |
Quantifying aspects of young horses' temperament: consistency of behavioural variables |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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74 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
241-258 |
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Horses; Temperament; Individual differences; Behavioural variables; Pca |
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Performance of horses, whether in sports or in leisure, depends on both physical abilities as well as temperament. The aim of the present work was to measure individual variation and consistency of behavioural variables, related to temperament, in young horses of the same breed and age, and reared under controlled housing conditions and management. A total of 41 Dutch Warmblood horses were tested at 9, 10, 21 and 22 months of age in two behavioural tests, i.e. the novel object test and the handling test. In the novel object test horses were confronted with an open umbrella that was lowered from the ceiling. In the handling test horses were led by a human to cross a bridge. Per test, behavioural variables in the following behavioural classes were observed: locomotor activity, latency times, postural expressions and vocalisations. Within years, all behavioural variables in the handling test, and all but two in the novel object test were positively correlated (0.36<Rs<0.81, P<0.05). For both tests, at 9, 10, 21 and 22 months of age, a principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out to examine whether there were indications for underlying components of these individual behavioural variables that could possibly serve as measures for temperamental traits. The first component in the novel object test could be regarded as `flightiness' and the second as `sensitiveness'. In the handling test, the first component was suggested to relate to `patience', the second component to `willingness to perform'. The temperamental trait `flightiness' (novel object test) as well as the temperamental trait `patience' (handling test) were positively correlated within both years (0.36<Rs<0.65, P<0.05). For the traits `sensitiveness' (novel object test) and `willingness to perform' (handling test) a positive correlation was only found within the first year (0.44<Rs<0.57, P<0.01). A few individual behavioural variables showed consistency over years. Additionally, just one out of four temperamental traits, namely `flightiness', proved to be consistent over years (Rs=0.49, P<0.01). The temperamental trait `patience' showed a trend between years (Rs=0.31, 0.05<P<0.1). It is concluded that the behavioural tests employed in the present study can be used to reliably identify individual behavioural variables and temperamental traits in young horses. Long-term consistency, i.e. between subsequent years, could not be demonstrated convincingly. Nevertheless, future work may indicate that employing the same approach and considering an even longer time period or different phases of the horse's life, long-term consistency does exist. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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324 |
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Visser, E.K.; Van Reenen, C.G.; Engel, B.; Schilder, M.B.H.; Barneveld, A.; Blokhuis, H.J. |
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Title |
The association between performance in show-jumping and personality traits earlier in life |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
82 |
Issue |
4 |
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279-295 |
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Personality; Performance; Horses; Prediction; Individual differences; Behavioural tests |
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For a horse to succeed in a show-jumping career, the individual has to possess both excellent physical abilities as well as a suitable personality to perform under challenging conditions. Forty-one Dutch Warmblood horses were used to develop personality tests and correlations between test variables and early training performances in jumping were studied. In behavioural tests, during the first 2 years of the horses' lives, personality aspects like emotionality, reactivity to human and learning abilities were quantified. At the age of 3, horses were broken and received early training in show-jumping. The inter-relationship between several performance variables measured during this early training phase were studied using principal component analysis (PCA). Variables measured in the different personality tests (novel-object test, handling test, avoidance-learning test and a reward-learning test) showed no correlations, suggesting that these tests all triggered different aspects of a horse's personality. This study indicates that it is possible to predict a substantial part of the show-jumping performance of an individual horse later in life by personality traits earlier in life. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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326 |
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Hausberger, M.; Muller, C. |
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A brief note on some possible factors involved in the reactions of horses to humans |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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76 |
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4 |
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339-344 |
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Horses; Aggressiveness; Behavioural reactions; Human-animal relationship |
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In order to investigate relationships of adult horses to humans, we developed a simple evaluation test and scores based on observations. The first reactions of 224 adult horses to the presence of an experimenter were observed and scored. All these horses belonged to the same riding school, had the same general housing conditions and were all geldings. The evaluation was based on the horse's posture. Individual differences that could be related to some extent to the breed but also to human factors emerged clearly. French saddlebreds showed more often friendly behaviour than Angloarabs, whereas thoroughbreds were more indifferent. Clear variations occurred between groups of horses that depended on different caretakers. In this school, one caretaker is responsible for the whole daily management of a group of horses and is probably a very important factor in their well-being. The effects of this daily relation to a human seemed to be involved in the reactions to a strange person. Further studies are required to investigate what, in practice, may be determinant. |
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329 |
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Hampton, R.R.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
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Hippocampal lesions impair memory for location but not color in passerine birds |
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Journal Article |
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1996 |
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Behavioral neuroscience |
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Behav Neurosci |
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110 |
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4 |
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831-835 |
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Animals; Appetitive Behavior/physiology; Birds/*physiology; Brain Mapping; Color Perception/*physiology; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Hippocampus/*physiology; Long-Term Potentiation/physiology; Mental Recall/*physiology; Orientation/*physiology; Species Specificity |
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The effects of hippocampal complex lesions on memory for location and color were assessed in black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus) and dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) in operant tests of matching to sample. Before surgery, most birds were more accurate on tests of memory for location than on tests of memory for color. Damage to the hippocampal complex caused a decline in memory for location, whereas memory for color was not affected in the same birds. This dissociation indicates that the avian hippocampus plays an important role in spatial cognition and suggests that this brain structure may play no role in working memory generally. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
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0735-7044 |
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PMID:8864273 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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376 |
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Worden, R.P. |
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Primate social intelligence |
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Journal Article |
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1996 |
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Cognitive Science |
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Cognit. Sci. |
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20 |
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4 |
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579-616 |
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A computational theory of primate social intelligence is proposed in which primates represent social situations internally by discrete symbol structures, called scripts. Three well-defined computational operations on scripts are sufficient to support social learning, planning, and prediction. This gives a formal, predictive model with which to analyse how primate social knowledge is acquired, as well as how it is used. The theory is compared with primate data, such as Cheney and Seyfarth's observations of vervet monkeys. It gives simple, understandable script-based analyses of many observed phenomena--such as the recognition and use of kin relations, learning of alarm calls, habituation to calls, knowledge of rank, tactical deception, and attachment behaviour. I argue that a tight, concise theory of social cognition, such as script theory, is needed to explain the rapid learning and social guile seen in primates. It also has the benefits of simplicity and testability. The extension of scripts to incorporate a primate theory of mind is described in a subsequent paper. |
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407 |
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Craig, J.V. |
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Measuring social behavior: social dominance |
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Journal Article |
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1986 |
Publication |
Journal of animal science |
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J. Anim Sci. |
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62 |
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4 |
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1120-1129 |
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Aggression; Agonistic Behavior; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cattle; Chickens; Competitive Behavior; Female; Horses; Male; *Social Dominance; Swine |
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Social dominance develops more slowly when young animals are kept in intact peer groups where they need not compete for resources. Learned generalizations may cause smaller and weaker animals to accept subordinate status readily when confronted with strangers that would be formidable opponents. Sexual hormones and sensitivity to them can influence the onset of aggression and status attained. After dominance orders are established, they tend to be stable in female groups but are less so in male groups. Psychological influences can affect dominance relationships when strangers meet and social alliances within groups may affect relative status of individuals. Whether status associated with agonistic behavior is correlated with control of space and scarce resources needs to be determined for each species and each kind of resource. When such correlations exists, competitive tests and agonistic behavior associated with gaining access to scarce resources can be useful to the observer in learning about dominance relationships rapidly. Examples are given to illustrate how estimates of social dominance can be readily attained and some strengths and weaknesses of the various methods. |
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0021-8812 |
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PMID:3519554 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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676 |
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