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	Author	Clayton, N.S.
	Title	COGNITION: An Open Sandwich or an Open Question?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	305	Issue	5682	Pages	344-
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1126/science.1099512			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2955
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	Author	Pinker, S.
	Title	COGNITION:Enhanced: Out of the Minds of Babes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	283	Issue	5398	Pages	40-41
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1126/science.283.5398.40			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2956
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	Author	Cox, G.; Ashford, T.
	Title	Riddle Me This: The Craft and Concept of Animal Mind			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Science Technology Human Values	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	23	Issue	4	Pages	425-438
	Keywords
	Abstract	This article examines the relations between methods used in both animal work and study and concepts of animal mind. By “animal work” the authors mean humans and animals working together, and by “animal study” they mean the discipline of ethology, especially the emerging area of cognitive ethology. Within these areas the wide range of conceptions of animal mind includes varying emphases on intelligence, forms of rationality and language, cognition, consciousness, and intentionality. The authors' central concern is to elucidate the vocabulary and the concepts which seem necessary to establishing successful working relationships with sheepdogs and gundogs. Their argument moves toward an emphasis on the appreciation of particular intentional states and recognizes that they invariably deploy elements of a moral vocabulary in achieving creative teamwork performances with dogs and other animals. The article concludes by consid enng the relevance of accounts of work with animals for associated considerations of intentionality.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1177/016224399802300404			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2957
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	Author	Emery, N.J.; Clayton, N.S.
	Title	The Mentality of Crows: Convergent Evolution of Intelligence in Corvids and Apes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	306	Issue	5703	Pages	1903-1907
	Keywords
	Abstract	Discussions of the evolution of intelligence have focused on monkeys and apes because of their close evolutionary relationship to humans. Other large-brained social animals, such as corvids, also understand their physical and social worlds. Here we review recent studies of tool manufacture, mental time travel, and social cognition in corvids, and suggest that complex cognition depends on a “tool kit” consisting of causal reasoning, flexibility, imagination, and prospection. Because corvids and apes share these cognitive tools, we argue that complex cognitive abilities evolved multiple times in distantly related species with vastly different brain structures in order to solve similar socioecological problems.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1126/science.1098410			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2959
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	Author	Gallup GG
	Title	Chimpanzees: self-recognition			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1970	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	167	Issue		Pages	86
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2997
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	Author	Jolly, A.
	Title	Lemur social behavior and primate intelligence			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1966	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	153	Issue	3735	Pages	501 - 506
	Keywords
	Abstract	Our human intellect has resulted from an enormous leap in capacity above the level of monkeys and apes. Earlier, though, Old and New World monkeys' intelligence outdistanced that of other mammals, including the prosimian primates. This first great advance in intelligence probably was selected through interspecific competition on the large continents. However, even at this early stage, primate social life provided the evolutionary context of primate intelligence. Two arguments support this conclusion. One is ontogenetic: modern monkeys learn so much of their social behavior, and learn their behavior toward food and toward other species through social example. The second is phylogenetic: some prosimians, the social lemurs, have evolved the usual primate type of society and social learning without the capacity to manipulate objects as monkeys do. It thus seems likely that the rudiments of primate society preceded the growth of primate intelligence, made it possible, and determined its nature.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3010
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	Author	Premack D; Woodruff G
	Title	Chimpanzee problem-solving: a test for comprehension			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1978	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	202(3)	Issue		Pages	532
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3034
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	Author	Zentall TR; Levine JM
	Title	Observational learning and social facilitation in the rat			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1972	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	178	Issue		Pages	1220
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3053
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	Author	Clayton NS; Dickinson A
	Title	Rational rats			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	9	Issue		Pages	472
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3061
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	Author	Flannery, B.
	Title	Relational discrimination learning in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	54	Issue	4	Pages	267-280
	Keywords	Horses; Shaping; Complex discrimination; Concept formation; Generalization ability; Training
	Abstract	This series of studies investigated horses' ability to learn the concept of sameness under several different conditions. Before experimentation began, three horses were shaped to touch individually presented stimuli with their muzzles, and then to make two responses to two matching cards from an array of three. A modified version of the identity matching-to-sample (IMTS) procedure was used to present stimuli in a variety of configural arrangements on a barn wall (Experiment 1 and Experiment 2), and on a flat panel mounted to a barn door (Experiment 3). The task in each experiment was to select the two stimulus cards that were the same (either circles or Xs) and to avoid the nonmatching stimulus card (either a star or a square). In Experiment 1, the mean accuracy rate for selecting the matching alternatives was 74%. The horses' accuracy levels reached a mean level of 83% during Experiment 2, in which they received additional trials and an intermittent secondary reinforcement schedule. In Experiment 3, when the stimuli were moved further apart from each other within arrangements and were presented on a novel background, the mean accuracy rate was 73%. These data demonstrate that horses can learn complex discrimination problems involving the concept of sameness, and that they are able to generalize this learning to a novel stimulus presentation situation. These results also suggest that a relational discrimination test may be useful for assessing horses' learning ability and the level of training appropriate for individual horses.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3557
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