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	Author	Cooper, J.J.; Ashton, C.; Bishop, S.; West, R.; Mills, D.S.; Young, R.J.
	Title	Clever hounds: social cognition in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	81	Issue	3	Pages	229-244
	Keywords	Domestic dog; Canine; Social cognition; Counting; Theory of mind; Perspective taking
	Abstract	This paper reviews the reasons why domestic dogs make good models to investigate cognitive processes related to social living and describes experimental approaches that can be adopted to investigate such processes in dogs. Domestic dogs are suitable models for investigating social cognition skills for three broad reasons. First, dogs originated from wolves, social animals that engage in a number of co-operative behaviours, such as hunting and that may have evolved cognitive abilities that help them predict and interpret the actions of other animals. Second, during domestication dogs are likely to have been selected for mental adaptations for their roles in human society such as herding or companionship. Third, domestic dogs live in a human world and “enculturation” may facilitate the development of relevant mental skills in dogs. Studies of social cognition in animals commonly use experimental paradigms originally developed for pre-verbal human infants. Preferential gaze, for example, can be used as a measure of attention or “surprise” in studies using expectancy violation. This approach has been used to demonstrate simple numerical competence in dogs. Dogs also readily use both conspecific and human social signals (e.g. looking or pointing) as information sources to locate hidden rewards such as food or favourite toys. Such abilities make dogs particularly good models for investigating perspective-taking tasks, where animals are required to discriminate between apparently knowledgeable and apparently ignorant informants.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	395
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	Author	Corr, J.A.
	Title	Nuns and monkeys: investigating the behavior of our oldest old			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Science of Aging Knowledge Environment : SAGE KE	Abbreviated Journal	Sci Aging Knowledge Environ
	Volume	2004	Issue	41	Pages	pe38
	Keywords	Aged; Aged, 80 and over/physiology; Aging/physiology; Animals; Behavior/*physiology; Humans; Macaca mulatta
	Abstract	The use of nonhuman primates, particularly rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), as the best model for human physiological and cognitive aging is broadly accepted. Studies employing nonhuman primates to investigate behavioral changes that may occur with increasing age, however, are not common mostly because of the unavailability of appropriate subjects. Recent longitudinal human studies suggest that individual personality might play a large role in aging “successfully” and in the retention of high levels of cognition into old age. As a result of the demographic trend of increasing numbers of aged monkeys and apes in captivity, an opportunity exists to further investigate behavioral aging using the monkey model.
	Address	Department of Anthropology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA. corrj@gvsu.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1539-6150	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15483334			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2828
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	Author	Covalesky, M.E.; Russoniello, C.R.; Malinowski, K.
	Title	Effects of show-jumping performance stress on plasma cortisol and lactate concentrations and heart rate and behavior in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Journal of Equine Veterinary Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	12	Issue	4	Pages	244-251
	Keywords
	Abstract	Summary Effects of show jumping competition on stress levels in horses was examined. Twenty-six homes were sampled in both show and farm environments from three levels of show experience schooling, (least experience, n=11); intermediate, (moderate experience, n=6); open, (most experience, n=9). Blood samples were taken at 6 time points; 3 at the horse show and 3 at the home farm (baseline at rest, pre-schooling and post-performance over a jump course). Stress responses were assessed through comparison of the behavioral response of the horses (determined by a subjective scoring system) to plasma cortisol (F) concentrations. Physical exertion was evaluated by heart rate (HR) and plasma lactate (L) concentrations. Schooling jumpers displayed higher baseline F concentrations than open jumpers (83g±9.2 vs 46.4±10.2 ng/ml, respectively; p<.05); but not when compared to intermediate jumpers (66.2 ± 13.7 ng/ml; p>.05) at the horse show. At the farm, there were no differences in F concentrations between experience levels at a time point (p<.05). Least experienced horses displayed higher F values at rest at the show compared to the home farm. At the show, open jumpers had higher L concentrations post-exercise compared to intermediate horses (40.3±3.4 vs 25.5±4.0 mg/dL, respectively; p<.05); but were not different compared to schooling jumpers (34.8±2.0 mg/dL; p>.05). There were no differences in heart rates or behavior score between experience levels at specific time points at either the show or farm (p>.05). Low positive correlations were found between HR and F (r=.24, p<.05); HR and L (r-.48, p<.05); and HR and behavior (r=.22, p<.05). Results suggest that conditioned jumpers that have previously been exposed to horse show environments do not appear stressed during acute show-jumping competition.
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	ISSN	0737-0806	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5622
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	Author	Cox, G.; Ashford, T.
	Title	Riddle Me This: The Craft and Concept of Animal Mind			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Science Technology Human Values	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	23	Issue	4	Pages	425-438
	Keywords
	Abstract	This article examines the relations between methods used in both animal work and study and concepts of animal mind. By “animal work” the authors mean humans and animals working together, and by “animal study” they mean the discipline of ethology, especially the emerging area of cognitive ethology. Within these areas the wide range of conceptions of animal mind includes varying emphases on intelligence, forms of rationality and language, cognition, consciousness, and intentionality. The authors' central concern is to elucidate the vocabulary and the concepts which seem necessary to establishing successful working relationships with sheepdogs and gundogs. Their argument moves toward an emphasis on the appreciation of particular intentional states and recognizes that they invariably deploy elements of a moral vocabulary in achieving creative teamwork performances with dogs and other animals. The article concludes by consid enng the relevance of accounts of work with animals for associated considerations of intentionality.
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	Notes	10.1177/016224399802300404			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2957
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	Author	Craig, J.V.
	Title	Measuring social behavior: social dominance			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Journal of animal science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci.
	Volume	62	Issue	4	Pages	1120-1129
	Keywords	Aggression; Agonistic Behavior; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cattle; Chickens; Competitive Behavior; Female; Horses; Male; Social Dominance; Swine
	Abstract	Social dominance develops more slowly when young animals are kept in intact peer groups where they need not compete for resources. Learned generalizations may cause smaller and weaker animals to accept subordinate status readily when confronted with strangers that would be formidable opponents. Sexual hormones and sensitivity to them can influence the onset of aggression and status attained. After dominance orders are established, they tend to be stable in female groups but are less so in male groups. Psychological influences can affect dominance relationships when strangers meet and social alliances within groups may affect relative status of individuals. Whether status associated with agonistic behavior is correlated with control of space and scarce resources needs to be determined for each species and each kind of resource. When such correlations exists, competitive tests and agonistic behavior associated with gaining access to scarce resources can be useful to the observer in learning about dominance relationships rapidly. Examples are given to illustrate how estimates of social dominance can be readily attained and some strengths and weaknesses of the various methods.
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	ISSN	0021-8812	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:3519554			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	676
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	Author	Croney, C.C.; Millman, S.T.
	Title	BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: The ethical and behavioral bases for farm animal welfare legislation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Journal of Animal Science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci.
	Volume	85	Issue	2	Pages	556-565
	Keywords
	Abstract	Concerns about farm animal welfare vary among individuals and societies. As people increasingly consider the values underlying current farm animal production methods, farm animal welfare policy debates have escalated. Recent food animal protection policies enacted in the European Union have fueled highly contentious discussions about the need for similar legislative activity in the United States. Policymakers and scientists in the United States are apprehensive about the scientific assessment, validation, and monitoring of animal welfare, as well as the unforeseen consequences of moving too hastily toward legislating farm animal welfare. The potential impact of such legislation on producers, food prices, animals, and concerned citizens must also be considered. Balancing the interests of all stakeholders has therefore presented a considerable challenge that has stymied US policymaking. In this review, we examine the roles of ethics and science in policy decisions, discuss how scientific knowledge relative to animal behavior has been incorporated into animal welfare policy, and identify opportunities for additional refinement of animal welfare science that may facilitate ethical and policy decisions about animal care.
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	Notes	10.2527/jas.2006-422			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2932
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	Author	Croney, C.C.; Prince-Kelly, N.; Meller, C.L.
	Title	A note on social dominance and learning ability in the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	105	Issue	1-3	Pages	254-259
	Keywords	Chickens; Learning; Dominance
	Abstract	Relatively little is known about the relationship between social behavior and specific cognitive abilities of the chicken. It is uncertain whether dominant birds have a cognitive advantage over subordinate birds that might facilitate their superior position in the social hierarchy. Likewise, it is unknown whether subordinate birds compete successfully with higher ranking birds because their cognitive capacities compensate for physical deficits. In this study, the relationship between the chicken's position in the dominance hierarchy and its performance on a cognitive task was explored. Ten pairs of New Hampshire domestic roosters (Gallus gallus) were observed to determine dominance or subordinance within dyads. All birds were then trained and tested on a visual discrimination learning task. Discriminative stimuli were orange and green plastic discs. Correct stimuli (orange or green) were randomly assigned to birds. Placement of the discs (left or right of center) was also randomly assigned and counterbalanced to avoid a side bias. Birds were rewarded with food for pecking at the correct disc. Criterion for task completion was 80% correct responses on three consecutive test sessions or 86% correct on two consecutive sessions. All subjects met the test criterion. The number of trials to criterion was compared between dominant and subordinate birds using a paired t-test. No difference was found in performance between dominant and subordinate birds (p > 0.05) suggesting that in chickens, ability to learn a novel visual discrimination task is not well correlated with rank. Additional studies, particularly using different learning paradigms, are needed to confirm these results.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	284
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	Author	Croneya, C.C.
	Title	Group size and cognitive processes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	103	Issue	3-4	Pages	15-228
	Keywords	Group size; Social complexity; Social learning; Cognitive processes
	Abstract	Animal group sizes may exert important effects on various cognitive mechanisms. Group size is believed to exert pressures on fundamental brain structures that correlate with the increased social demands placed on animals living in relatively large, complex and dynamic social organizations. There is strong experimental evidence connecting social complexity, social learning and development of other cognitive abilities in a broad range of wild and domesticated animal species. In particular, group size seems to have significant effects on animals? abilities to derive concrete and abstract relationships. Here, we review the literature pertaining to cognitive processes and behaviours of various animal species relative to group size, with emphasis on social learning. It is suggested that understanding the relationship between group size and cognition in animals may yield practical animal management benefits, such as housing and conservation strategies, and may also have implications for improved animal welfare.
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	Corporate Author	Ruth C. Newberryb			Thesis
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	277
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	Author	Crowell-Davis, S.L.
	Title	Daytime rest behavior of the Welsh pony (Equus caballus) mare and foal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	40	Issue	3-4	Pages	197-210
	Keywords	Horse; Behavior; Rest; Sleep; Pony; Foal
	Abstract	Upright and recumbent rest of 15 Welsh pony foals and their mothers was studied over a 2 year period. During their first week of life, the foals spent 32% of the time in recumbent rest. Subsequently, the percentage of time spent in recumbent rest decreased, but was still greater than for the foal's mother by Week 21, when the foals spent 6.5% of their time in recumbent rest. Adults spent little time in recumbent rest. Foals rested upright only 3.5% of the time during their first week of life. Mares rested upright more than foals did to Week 13, at which time peak values for time spent in upright rest occurred for both mares (32.5%) and foals (23%). Subsequently, mares and foals spent equal, but decreasing, amounts of time resting upright. The total time spent resting by the foals decreased gradually, and was characterized by a transition from recumbent rest to upright rest. Foals were more likely to be resting, either recumbent or upright, if their mother was resting upright. During the late spring, summer, and early autumn, mares and foals were most likely to be resting upright between 09:00 and 17:00 h.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2269
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	Author	Crowell-Davis, S.L.
	Title	Self-grooming by mares and foals of the Welsh pony (Equus caballus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	17	Issue	3-4	Pages	197-208
	Keywords
	Abstract	Self-grooming behaviour of 15 mare-foal pairs was studied weekly for the first 24 weeks of the foal's life. Mares self-groomed at mean rates of 1.2-2.2 times h-1 depending on the 4-week period. Foals self-groomed more often, with a peak rate of 12.3 times h-1 occurring during Week 5-8 and a subsequent decline to 6.0 times h-1 by Weeks 21-24. Self-grooming bouts of mares and foals also differed in the proportion devoted to each type of self-grooming. During a greater proportion of their total self-grooming bouts, foals scratched their head and neck with a hind limb or bit and scratched the trunk or hind limbs with the teeth. The mares spent a greater proportion of their self-grooming bouts rubbing their head or neck on an inanimate object, another pony, or their fore limb, or rolling on the ground. Particular types of individual self-grooming bouts were engaged in for different lengths of time. Foals had longer bouts of scratching the head and neck with a hind limb, scratching or biting the fore limb or hind limb with the teeth, and rubbing the head and neck on an inanimate object, while mares had longer bouts of rolling. Some of the differences in preference for particular types of self-grooming may be the result of differences in relative size of various body parts and, consequently, relative ease of a given type of self-grooming.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2275
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