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Author (down) Schwarzenberger, F.; Mostl, E.; Palme, R.; Bamberg, E.
Title Faecal steroid analysis for non-invasive monitoring of reproductive status in farm, wild and zoo animals Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Animal Reproduction Science Abbreviated Journal Animal Reproduction: Research and Practice
Volume 42 Issue 1-4 Pages 515-526
Keywords Faecal steroids; Non-invasive monitoring; Oestrogens; Progesterone metabolites; Reproductive hormones
Abstract Non-invasive faecal oestrogen and progesterone metabolite evaluations are well established approaches for monitoring reproductive function in a variety of mammalian species. The route of excretion of steroid hormone metabolites varies considerably among species, and also between steroids within the same species. Steroid concentrations in faeces exhibit a similar pattern to those in plasma, but have a lag time, which depending upon the species, can be from 12 h to more than 2 days. Faecal steroid metabolites in mammals are mainly unconjugated compounds. Faecal oestrogens consist predominantly of oestrone and/or oestradiol-17α or -17β. Therefore, specific oestrogen antibodies or antibodies against total oestrogens can be used for their determination. Progesterone is metabolised to several 5α- or 5β-reduced pregnanediones and hydroxylated pregnanes prior to its faecal excretion. Therefore, relevant antibodies for their determination show considerable cross-reactivities with several pregnane metabolites, whereas specific progesterone antibodies are less suitable. Faecal oestrogen evaluations have been used as reliable indicators of pregnancy in several ungulate and some primate species. They have also been used to determine the preovulatory period in carnivores, corpus luteum activity in New World primates, and to diagnose cryptorchidism in horses. Faecal progesterone metabolite analysis has been successfully used for monitoring corpus luteum function and pregnancy, abortion, seasonality and treatment therapies in an ever expanding list of species.
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 327
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Author (down) Schultz, W.; Dayan, P.; Montague, P.R.
Title A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal
Volume 275 Issue 5306 Pages 1593-1599
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Abstract The capacity to predict future events permits a creature to detect, model, and manipulate the causal structure of its interactions with its environment. Behavioral experiments suggest that learning is driven by changes in the expectations about future salient events such as rewards and punishments. Physiological work has recently complemented these studies by identifying dopaminergic neurons in the primate whose fluctuating output apparently signals changes or errors in the predictions of future salient and rewarding events. Taken together, these findings can be understood through quantitative theories of adaptive optimizing control.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5749
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Author (down) Schneider, J.D.; Tokach, M.D.; Dritz, S.S.; Nelssen, J.L.; DeRouchey, J.M.; Goodband, R.D.
Title Effects of feeding schedule on body condition, aggressiveness, and reproductive failure in group housed sows Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.
Volume Issue Pages jas.2007-0345-
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Abstract A total of 208 sows and 288 gilts (PIC Line C29) were used to determine the influence of feeding frequency (2 versus 6 times/d, floor fed) on performance and welfare measurements on a commercial sow farm. Treatments consisted of feeding similar amounts of feed to each sow (2.5 kg) or gilt (2.05 kg) over 2 (0700 and 1530 h) or 6 times daily (0700, 0730, 0800, 1530, 1600, and 1630). There were 8 sows or 12 gilts in each pen. Gilts and sows were moved to pens 1 to 4 d after breeding. In sows, there were no differences (P > 0.10) in ADG, backfat change, or variation in BW. There was a trend (P < 0.08) for sows fed twice a daily to farrow more total pigs born, but number born alive or other reproductive performance traits were not different (P > 0.10) among treatments. Sows fed 6 times per d had increased vocalization during the morning (P < 0.07) and afternoon (P < 0.01) feeding periods compared with sows fed twice daily. Sows fed twice daily had more skin (P < 0.01) and vulva (P < 0.04) lesions as well as a small increase in feet and leg (P < 0.01) and hoof (P < 0.02) problems. In this commercial facility, the standard management protocol required moving gilts to a different gestation facility on d 42. On d 42, 2 pens of gilts with similar breeding dates and treatment were combined and moved to another facility with larger pens until farrowing. Gilts fed 6 times daily had a tendency for greater ADG (P < 0.07) from d 0 to 42, and a tendency for greater (P < 0.09) backfat on d 42. After movement to the larger groups from d 42 to farrowing, ADG was similar (P > 0.10) for gilts fed 2 or 6 times daily. Gilts fed twice daily had lower BW variation at d 42 (P < 0.04) and tended to at farrowing (P < 0.10). In gilts, there were no differences (P > 0.10) for reproductive performance, skin and vulva lesions, and feet, leg scores. In conclusion, there were few growth, farrowing, or aggression differences among gilts fed either 2 or 6 times daily. This suggests that either feeding method is suitable for group housed gilts. Among sows, feeding frequency resulted in few growth or farrowing performance differences. Feeding 6 times daily resulted in a small but significant reduction in skin and vulva lesions and structural problem scores while increasing vocalization. Increasing the feeding frequency from 2 to 6 times daily does not appear to have a negative or positive impact on performance or welfare of group housed gilts and sows.
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Notes 10.2527/jas.2007-0345 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4250
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Author (down) Schneider, G.; Krueger, K.
Title Third-party intervention Type Conference Article
Year 2012 Publication Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting Abbreviated Journal Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg
Volume Issue Pages 73
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Abstract Third-party intervention is the interruption of a dyadic interaction by a third animal. We observed such interventions in affiliative interactions in free-ranging Esperia-ponies (Equus caballus). It is known that horses intervene in affiliative contexts especially when a preferred partner is involved, probably to protect their social bond to this preferred partner. To prove this hypothesis the present study investigated whether the preferred partner was targeted, i.e. challenged, or supported by the intervener or both randomly. Therefore we examined the social relationship between the intervener and both dyadic interacting individuals. We found that interveners usually supported individuals to which they have stronger social bonds than to other group mates, while they have no particular relationship to the targeted animals. This indicates that interveners in stable horse groups protect their social bonds to the supported animals by challenging their interaction partners. Of all observed horses only some mares showed intervention behaviour. Their social position, reflected by their position in the dominance hierarchy, social networks, and the spatial group structure were investigated. We found that interveners occupy no unique position, but they are involved in a high amount of affiliative interactions, high-ranking, and relatively aggressive. KW -
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Corporate Author Krueger, K. Thesis
Publisher Xenophon Publishing Place of Publication Wald Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 978-3-9808134-26 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5549
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Author (down) Schneider, A.-C.; Melis, A.P.; Tomasello, M.
Title How chimpanzees solve collective action problems Type Journal Article
Year 2012 Publication Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
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Abstract We presented small groups of chimpanzees with two collective action situations, in which action was necessary for reward but there was a disincentive for individuals to act owing to the possibility of free-riding on the efforts of others. We found that in simpler scenarios (experiment 1) in which group size was small, there was a positive relationship between rank and action with more dominant individuals volunteering to act more often, particularly when the reward was less dispersed. Social tolerance also seemed to mediate action whereby higher tolerance levels within a group resulted in individuals of lower ranks sometimes acting and appropriating more of the reward. In more complex scenarios, when group size was larger and cooperation was necessary (experiment 2), overcoming the problem was more challenging. There was highly significant variability in the action rates of different individuals as well as between dyads, suggesting success was more greatly influenced by the individual personalities and personal relationships present in the group.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5629
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Author (down) Schnall, Simone; Gattis,Merideth
Title Transitive Inference by Visual Reasoning Type Conference Volume
Year 1998 Publication Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 929-934
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Abstract Two experiments are reported that investigated the influence

of linear spatial organization on transitive inference

performance. Reward/no-reward relations between

overlapping pairs of elements were presented in a context of

linear spatial order or random spatial order. Participants in

the linear arrangement condition showed evidence for visual

reasoning: They systematically mapped spatial relations to

conceptual relation and used the spatial relations to make

inferences on a reasoning task in a new spatial context. We

suggest that linear ordering may be a “good figure”, by

constituting a parsimonious representation for the integration

of premises, as well as for the inferencing process. The late

emergence of transitive inference in children may be the

result of limited cognitive capacity, which --unless an

external spatial array is available --constrains the

construction of an internal spatial array.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 610
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Author (down) Schmied, C.; Waiblinger, S.; Scharl, T.; Leisch, F.; Boivin, X.
Title Stroking of different body regions by a human: Effects on behaviour and heart rate of dairy cows Type Journal Article
Year 2008 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 109 Issue 1 Pages 25-38
Keywords Cattle; Tactile stimulation; Human-animal relationship; Social licking
Abstract From observations of intra-specific social grooming in cattle and studies on human stroking in other species, we hypothesised that cows' reactions to human stroking differ depending on the body regions being stroked. Moreover, we tested, whether cows `reactions to stroking change with the animals' experience of stroking. Sixty dairy cows were stroked in three different body regions, i.e. the withers, W, neck ventral, NV (both licked often in social grooming) and the lateral chest, LC (licked rarely), in a balanced order during 10-min sessions. Behavioural reactions and heart rate during stroking as well as reactions to the human just after stroking were recorded. Two test sessions were carried out with 3 weeks of treatment in-between. During this period, the cows were randomly allocated to four treatment groups: three groups received 5 min of daily stroking in either W, NV or LC and the last one (control group) was exposed to simple human presence. During stroking W and NV, cows showed longer neck stretching and ear hanging than during stroking LC (P < 0.001). Moreover, ear hanging was shown longer when W was stroked as compared to NV (P < 0.001), but neck stretching was observed longer during stroking NV as compared to W only after the treatment period (P < 0.01). In the first test session, more animals showed head shaking and head throwing during stroking W and NV than LC (P < 0.01), whereas in the second test session these behaviours were observed only in few animals. In the first test session heart rate was higher during stroking W than the other body regions (P <= 0.01). In the second test session, the lowest heart rate was found during stroking NV (P < 0.05). Finally, contact with the experimenter following stroking differed for the three body regions stroked in both test sessions (first: P = 0.06, second: P < 0.01); contact was shortest for LC. When comparing both test sessions, stretching the neck and ear hanging increased (P < 0.001), while head shaking and head throwing decreased (P < 0.05); there was no difference for heart rate and contact with the experimenter. The four treatments had no influence on reactions to stroking. To conclude, stroking of body regions often licked during social grooming led to more responses than stroking the one licked rarely. Some reactions, such as stretching the neck, are also observed during social licking. This suggests that cows may in part perceive human stroking of body regions often licked similarly to social licking. This knowledge could be of interest for an improvement in quality of human-cattle interactions.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4395
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Author (down) Schmidt, M.; Lipson, H.
Title Distilling Free-Form Natural Laws from Experimental Data Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science
Volume 324 Issue 5923 Pages 81-85
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Abstract For centuries, scientists have attempted to identify and document analytical laws that underlie physical phenomena in nature. Despite the prevalence of computing power, the process of finding natural laws and their corresponding equations has resisted automation. A key challenge to finding analytic relations automatically is defining algorithmically what makes a correlation in observed data important and insightful. We propose a principle for the identification of nontriviality. We demonstrated this approach by automatically searching motion-tracking data captured from various physical systems, ranging from simple harmonic oscillators to chaotic double-pendula. Without any prior knowledge about physics, kinematics, or geometry, the algorithm discovered Hamiltonians, Lagrangians, and other laws of geometric and momentum conservation. The discovery rate accelerated as laws found for simpler systems were used to bootstrap explanations for more complex systems, gradually uncovering the “alphabet” used to describe those systems.
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Notes 10.1126/science.1165893 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5264
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Author (down) Schmidt, D.
Title Information Resources in Animal Behavior Type Journal Article
Year 1992 Publication Science & Technology Libraries Abbreviated Journal
Volume 12 Issue 1 Pages 69-83
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Abstract The study of animal behavior has been around for many years, but it is divided into several fields which often do not communicate well. These fields of study include (but are not limited to) comparative psychology, ethology, behavioral ecology, and sociobiology. Comparative psychology is more isolated than the other three fields, which share a common biological/evolutionary background. This paper gives a brief background of the four main fields of animal behavior research, along with a list of sources, both specialized and interdisciplinary.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Routledge Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 0194-262x ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4725
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Author (down) Schiffman, S.S.
Title Livestock odors: implications for human health and well-being Type Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.
Volume 76 Issue 5 Pages 1343-1355
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Abstract N1 -
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2949
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